ReviewBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2022
The Biological Effects of 3D Resins Used in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review.
Review in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of biomechanics of clear aligners by finite element analysis.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Review
- Towards standardizing cytotoxicity testing of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners and retainers: a scoping review.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Effects of microplastic release from 3D-printed orthodontic aligners: a histological and immunological bioassay approach.European journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- The Environmental Burden and Sustainability Challenges of Clear Aligners: Implications for Public Health, Practice, Policy, and Future Research-A Scoping Review.International journal of dentistry · 2026Review
- To infinity and beyond: the promise of data-driven 3D printing of hernia mesh - a primer for surgeons.Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery · 2025Review
- Review
- Cytotoxicity and Endocrine Disruption in Materials Used for Removable Orthodontic Retainers: A Comprehensive Review.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
- Comparative microscopic analysis of plastic dispersion from 3D-printed and thermoformed orthodontic aligners.European journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
- Towards Sustainable Orthodontics: Environmental Implications and Strategies for Clear Aligner Therapy.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Advancements in Clear Aligner Fabrication: A Comprehensive Review of Direct-3D Printing Technologies.Polymers · 2024Review
- Orthodontic aligners: between passion and science.Dental press journal of orthodontics · 2024Article
- The new additive era of orthodontics: 3D-printed aligners and shape memory polymers-the latest trend-and their environmental implications.Journal of orthodontic science · 2024Review
- Literature Review of an Anterior Deprogrammer to Determine the Centric Relation and Presentation of Cases.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dental Restorations.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Investigating the implant position reproducibility of optical impressions obtained using an intraoral scanner and 3D-printed models fabricated using an intraoral scanner.International journal of implant dentistry · 2023Article
- Direct 3D-Printed Orthodontic Retainers. A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials.Bioactive materials · 2023Article
- Special Issue "Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease" Part I.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) resin medical-dental devices have been increasingly used in recent years after the emergence of digital technologies. In Orthodontics, therapies with aligners have gained popularity, mainly due to the aggressive promotion policies developed by the industry. However, their systemic effects are largely unknown, with few studies evaluating the systemic toxicity of these materials. The release of bisphenol A and other residual monomers have cytotoxic, genotoxic, and estrogenic effects. This systematic review aims to analyze the release of toxic substances from 3D resins used in Orthodontics and their toxic systemic effects systematically. The PICO question asked was, "Does the use of 3D resins in orthodontic devices induce cytotoxic effects or changes in estrogen levels?". The search was carried out in several databases and according to PRISMA guidelines. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were included. The in vitro studies' risk of bias was assessed using the guidelines for the reporting of pre-clinical studies on dental materials by Faggion Jr. For the in vivo studies, the SYRCLE risk of bias tool was used, and for the clinical studies, the Cochrane tool. A total of 400 articles retrieved from the databases were initially scrutinized. Fourteen articles were included for qualitative analysis. The risk of bias was considered medium to high. Cytotoxic effects or estrogen levels cannot be confirmed based on the limited preliminary evidence given by in vitro studies. Evidence of the release of bisphenol A and other monomers from 3D resin devices, either in vitro or clinical studies, remains ambiguous. The few robust results in the current literature demonstrate the absolute need for further studies, especially given the possible implications for the young patient's fertility, which constitutes one of the largest groups of patients using these orthodontic devices.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.