SynthesisThe British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science2021
The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Specificity of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders - umbrella review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Sex-specific drivers of non-affective psychotic disorders within migrant groups: A 25-year retrospective cohort study of 2 million migrants.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Trends in recorded deaths involving antipsychotics: The role of deprivation, ethnicity, and regional disparities.PloS one · 2026Article
- Synergistic pathways to psychosis: understanding developmental risk and resilience factors.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Social-spatial residence patterns and adolescent mental health: Investigating the influences of residential segregation, neighborhood social cohesion, and race on persistent, distressing psychotic-like experiences in the United States.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Urban mental health: a position paper of the European psychiatric association.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Review
- Ethnic Density and Mental Health: Does it Matter Whether the Ethnic Density is Co-ethnic or Multi-ethnic and How Important is Change in Ethnic Density?Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- A matter of measurement? A Swedish register-based study of migrant residential segregation and all-cause mortality.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Visual hallucinations in psychosis: What do people actually see?Psychology and psychotherapy · 2025Article
- Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and long-term outcomes in people at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Reflections on the explanations of higher psychosis rates among migrant and ethnic minority populations: A critical discourse analysis.Transcultural psychiatry · 2025Review
- The association between racism and psychosis: An umbrella review.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Experiences and socio-environmental contexts in the lead-up to psychosis: a qualitative analysis of the narratives of persons with psychosis from different ethnic, racial and immigrant backgrounds.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neighbourhoods & recovery from psychosis in Trinidad: A qualitative study.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2024Article
- The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Stress, Environment and Early Psychosis.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Racism, early psychosis, and institutional contact: A qualitative study of Indigenous experiences.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2023Article
- Associations between childhood ethnoracial minority density, cortical thickness, and social engagement among minority youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Racial microaggressions and major discriminatory events explain ethnoracial differences in psychotic experiences.Schizophrenia research · 2023Article
- Linguistic findings in persons with schizophrenia-a review of the current literature.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAn 'ethnic' or 'group' density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to neighbourhood-level proportions of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators.
aimsTo conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the group density effect in psychosis and examine moderators.
methodFour databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators.
resultsThirty-two studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A 10 percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32, P < 0.001). This was moderated by crudely defined minority groups (F6,68 = 6.86, P < 0.001), with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed (F25,49 = 7.26, P < 0.001).
conclusionsThis is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density varies across minority groups, with the strongest associations observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Potential mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.