ReviewEuropean journal of applied physiology2022
The rate of force development scaling factor: a review of underlying factors, assessment methods and potential for practical applications.
Review in European journal of applied physiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Agreement and Reliability of the G-Force System: Force Plate and Load Cell for the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull in Physically Active Adults: A Repeated-Measures Method-Comparison Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evolution of Rate of Force Development (RFD) in the Isometric Deadlift Exercise Among Primary and Secondary Education Students.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influence of biological sex and training history on force production and its variability in humans.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Neuromuscular mechanisms for the fast decline in rate of force development with muscle disuse - a narrative review.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Exploring New Frontiers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Explosive Phase and Muscle Activation During Maximal Biting in Women with Temporomandibular Disorder and Orofacial Pain.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Early Rate of Force Development and Maximal Strength at Different Positions of the Athletic Shoulder Test in Baseball Players.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Upper-Limb Muscle Fatigability in Para-Athletes Quantified as the Rate of Force Development in Rapid Contractions of Submaximal Amplitude.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Comparison of strategies for assessment of rate of torque development in older and younger adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Unique Neural Mechanisms Underlying Speed Control of Low-Force Ballistic Contractions.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Article
- Measures of motor segmentation from rapid isometric force pulses are reliable and differentiate Parkinson's disease from age-related slowing.Experimental brain research · 2022Article
- Strength Asymmetries Are Muscle-Specific and Metric-Dependent.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Deficits in rate of force production during multifinger tasks are associated with cognitive status.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
When humans perform isometric ballistic contractions of different intensities, a strong linear relationship is observed between peak force and peak rate of force development. The slope of this relationship, termed the rate of force development scaling factor (RFD-SF), has been proposed as a measure of neuromuscular quickness of submaximal contractions. The RFD-SF is largely dependent on motor unit firing rate and its modulation with contraction intensity, and possibly by agonist-antagonist coordination. The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the available literature on RFD-SF, including the underlying physiological mechanisms, assessment protocols and methodological considerations, practical application to clinical and sports practice and additional factors such as sex, muscle group, task and fatigue. The main findings of the review are: (a) RFD-SF is very sensitive to impairments associated with aging and neurological diseases, (b) the literature lacks studies on the importance of RFD-SF for athletes, with some evidence that RFD-SF may affect the accuracy of submaximal movements, (c) RFD-SF is not largely influenced by fatigue and sex, (d) the RFD-SF values have been very consistent across muscle groups, with an exception of ankle muscles, (e) the methodology for RFD-SF assessment appears to be well established and standardized. Future research is needed to determine if RFD-SF provides any independent information that cannot be captured with peak force/torque and RFD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.