ReviewFrontiers in medical technology2021
Evolution of the Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy System Technology for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.
Review in Frontiers in medical technology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Gut Microbiota-Epilepsy Axis: Bibliometric Trends, Mechanistic Insights, and Microbiota-Targeted Next-Generation Therapeutic Opportunities.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- A guide to neuromodulation in drug-resistant epilepsy.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2026Review
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Neuromodulation: Evolution from Bench to Bedside.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Implantation of a passive electrical neurostimulation device achieves inflammatory modulation in rodents.Communications biology · 2026Article
- A Review of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Disease: Comprehensive Theory and Evidence for Mechanisms of Action.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Review
- The mechanism and clinical research of vagus nerve electrical stimulation in the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.iScience · 2026Review
- What happens in vagus.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Anesthetic Management of Patients for Vagal Nerve Stimulator Placement: A Narrative Review.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Review
- Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in breast cancer: a neuroimmune model to improve quality of life.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- The vagus nerve as a neurovisceral interface: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Post-stroke spasticity: advances in network mechanisms and therapeutics.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- A pilot study of invasive vagus nerve stimulation in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease: preliminary results on safety, cognition, and biomarkers.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- ECG-Based Detection of Epileptic Seizures in Real-World Wearable Settings: Insights from the SeizeIT2 Dataset.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Toward Natural Limb Function: A New Era in Prosthetic Innovation.Annals of neurology · 2025Review
- Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Reliability and stability of Bioelectronic Medicine: a critical and pedagogical perspective.Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Review
- Reduction of generalized tonic-clonic seizures following vagus nerve stimulation therapy: CORE-VNS Study 24-month follow-up.Epilepsia · 2025Observational
- Article
- Multifunctional bioelectronics for brain-body circuits.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2025Article
- Safety and effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a single center experience.Acta epileptologica · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Therapy® System is the first FDA-approved medical device therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Over the past two decades, the technology has evolved through multiple iterations resulting in software-related updates and implantable lead and generator hardware improvements. Healthcare providers today commonly encounter a range of single- and dual-pin generators (models 100, 101, 102, 102R, 103, 104, 105, 106, 1000) and related programming systems (models 250, 3000), all of which have their own subtle, but practical differences. It can therefore be a daunting task to go through the manuals of these implant models for comparison, some of which are not readily available. In this review, we highlight the technological evolution of the VNS Therapy System with respect to device approval milestones and provide a comparison of conventional open-loop vs. the latest closed-loop generator models. Battery longevity projections and an in-depth examination of stimulation mode interactions are also presented to further differentiate amongst generator models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.