ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 189 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 309 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its association with knowledge and attitude among patients with chronic diseases in Ethiopia.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Role of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 in protecting against omicron reinfections and severe complications of COVID-19 compared to pre-omicron variants: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Tracing the origin of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): A systematic review and narrative synthesis.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection after vaccination: A rapid systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Fluorinated carbohydrate-based vaccines.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Structural and Accessory Proteins: Emerging Opportunities for Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Early immune events during SARS-CoV-2 infection impact memory T and B cell responses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Non-Structural Proteins: A Blueprint for Next-Generation Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Coordinated immune response distinguishes duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral particle shedding in humans.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
- IgG4 Neutralization and Sustained Total IgG Fc-Effector Functions Following Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination with mRNA-1273.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural Ghana: Antibody waning and implications for long-term population immunity.PloS one · 2026Article
- Association between vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in Taiwanese patients.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2025Article
- A pain from the nose to the head: neurological commitment during long COVID.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Identification of SnRNA U6 as an endogenous reference gene for normalization of MiRNA expression data in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Completeness and changes in data reporting pharmacological interventions to treat COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Four Novel SARS-CoV-2 Infected Feral American Mink (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Biogenic silver nanoparticle as an adjuvant in an S1 subunit recombinant vaccine.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations in Wastewater Provide Insights into the Circulation of Virus Variants in the Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or community immunity has been proposed as a strategy to protect the vulnerable, and can be established through immunity from past infection or vaccination. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the development of a reservoir of resilient memory cells is under investigation. Vaccines have been developed at an unprecedented rate and 7 408 870 760 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants are more transmissible with a reduced sensitivity to immune mechanisms. This is due to the presence of amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, which confer a selective advantage. The emergence of variants therefore poses a risk for vaccine effectiveness and long-term immunity, and it is crucial therefore to determine the effectiveness of vaccines against currently circulating variants. Here we review both SARS-CoV-2-induced host immune activation and vaccine-induced immune responses, highlighting the responses of immune memory cells that are key indicators of host immunity. We further discuss how variants emerge and the currently circulating variants of concern (VOC), with particular focus on implications for vaccine effectiveness. Finally, we describe new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches that will be important as we navigate through the COVID-19 pandemic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.