ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2022
Risk of Getting COVID-19 in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study.
Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
5.4field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19: The Course, Vaccination and Immune Response in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 severity among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with cladribine: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2022Pooled it
- Big multiple sclerosis data network: novel modelling approaches for real-world data analysis.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Potential use of the SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody sipavibart in people with multiple sclerosis: definition of different patient archetypes from an Italian expert group perspective.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Knowledge domain and trend of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis: A study based on CiteSpace.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Insights from Real-World Practice: The Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Vaccinations in a Large German Multiple Sclerosis Cohort.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis under Disease-Modifying Therapies: A Multi-Centre Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Cladribine Tablets Mode of Action, Learning from the Pandemic: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2023Review
- Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection in a prospective cohort of children with neuroinflammatory diseases.European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society · 2023Article
- Modifiable risk factors of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis: a single-centre case-control study.Journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Article
- B cell targeted therapies in inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with myasthenia gravis: A survey of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America MG patient registry.Muscle & nerve · 2023Article
- Article
- The value of Interferon β in multiple sclerosis and novel opportunities for its anti-viral activity: a narrative literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis patients: interaction with treatments, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines against COVID-19.Journal of neurology · 2022Review
- Multiple Sclerosis Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2022Review
- Multiple Sclerosis immunotherapies and COVID-19 mortality: an analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
35 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Pietro IaffaldanoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2308-1731
Giuseppe LucisanoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Alessia ManniFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Damiano PaolicelliFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Francesco PattiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Marco CapobiancoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Vincenzo Brescia MorraFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Patrizia SolaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1700-1726
Ilaria PesciFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Giacomo LusFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-9457-1124
Giovanna De LucaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Alessandra LugaresiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2902-5589
Paola CavallaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-4589-4864
Sara MontepietraFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Giorgia Teresa ManiscalcoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Franco GranellaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Paolo RagoneseFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2516-1567
Marika VianelloFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Laura BrambillaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Rocco TotaroFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Simona ToscanoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Simona MalucchiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Maria PetraccaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Lucia MoiolaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Diana FerraroFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Vito LeporeFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5466-780X
Paola MosconiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0415-3744
Michela PonzioFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Gioacchino TedeschiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Giancarlo ComiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Mario Alberto BattagliaFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Massimo FilippiFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5485-0479
Maria Pia AmatoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
Maria TrojanoFrom the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi-Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)-Neurologia 1 D.U.-AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia-Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore-L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy. maria.trojano@uniba.it.
Italian MS Register
University of Bari Aldo Moro · IT
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesSeveral studies have assessed risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The potential role of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and demographic and clinical factors on the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been evaluated so far. The objective of this study was to assess risk factors of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection in PwMS by using data collected in the Italian MS Register (IMSR).
methodsA case-control (1:2) study was set up. Cases included PwMS with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, and controls included PwMS without a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Both groups were propensity score-matched by the date of COVID-19 diagnosis, the date of last visit, and the region of residence. No healthy controls were included in this study. COVID-19 risk was estimated by multivariable logistic regression models including demographic and clinical covariates. The impact of DMTs was assessed in 3 independent logistic regression models including one of the following covariates: last administered DMT, previous DMT sequences, or the place where the last treatment was administered.
resultsA total of 779 PwMS with confirmed COVID-19 (cases) were matched to 1,558 PwMS without COVID-19 (controls). In all 3 models, comorbidities, female sex, and a younger age were significantly associated ( DISCUSSION: This case-control study embedded in the IMSR showed that PwMS at higher COVID-19 risk are younger, more frequently female individuals, and with comorbidities. Long-lasting escalation approach and last therapies that expose patients to the hospital environment seem to significantly increase the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection in PwMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that among patients with MS, younger age, being female individuals, having more comorbidities, receiving natalizumab, undergoing an escalating treatment strategy, or receiving treatment at a hospital were associated with being infected with COVID-19. Among patients with MS who were infected with COVID-19, a severe course was associated with increasing age and having a progressive form of MS, whereas not being on treatment or receiving an interferon beta agent was protective.
Indexed as
AdultAge FactorsCase-Control StudiesCOVID-19Dimethyl FumarateFemaleFingolimod HydrochlorideGlatiramer AcetateHumansImmunosuppressive AgentsInterferon-betaItalyMaleMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis, Chronic ProgressiveDimethyl FumarateFingolimod HydrochlorideGlatiramer AcetateImmunosuppressive AgentsInterferon-betaNatalizumab
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