Observational studyNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2022
Dimethyl Fumarate Reduces Inflammation in Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions.
Observational study in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2024Pooled it
- Quantifying the Impact of Ocrelizumab on Paramagnetic Rim Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Treatment Effects on Chronic Active Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- The hypoxia-inflammation cycle as a key mechanism of smoldering inflammation and progression in multiple sclerosis.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Smoldering neuroinflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, imaging biomarkers, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping of paramagnetic rim lesions in early multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study of brain age and disability.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Paramagnetic rim lesion formation is predicted by the initial gadolinium-enhancing lesion diameter.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2025Article
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping is more sensitive and specific than phase imaging in detecting chronic active multiple sclerosis lesion rims: pathological validation.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Imaging Outcomes for Phase 2 Trials Targeting Compartmentalized Inflammation.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Review
- Clinical relevance of paramagnetic rim lesion heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Impact of paramagnetic rim lesions on disability and race in multiple sclerosis: mediation analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Observational
- Isolation and Characterization of the Cyanobacterial Macrolide Glycoside Moorenaside, an Anti-Inflammatory Analogue of Aurisides Targeting the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway.Journal of natural products · 2024Article
- Review
- Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Review
- The relation between BTK expression and iron accumulation of myeloid cells in multiple sclerosis.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Dimethyl Fumarate-Loaded Gellan Gum Hydrogels Can Reduce In Vitro Chemokine Expression in Oral Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Regulation of proteostasis and innate immunity via mitochondria-nuclear communication.The Journal of cell biology · 2024Review
- Disease Modifying Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis: New Rays of Hope to Combat Disability?Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Dimethyl fumarate alleviates allergic asthma by strengthening the Nrf2 signaling pathway in regulatory T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: classification, terminology, and clinical significance.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesTo determine the effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and glatiramer acetate on iron content in chronic active lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in human microglia in vitro.
methodsThis was a retrospective observational study of 34 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and clinically isolated syndrome treated with DMF or glatiramer acetate. Patients had lesions with hyperintense rims on quantitative susceptibility mapping, were treated with DMF or glatiramer acetate (GA), and had a minimum of 2 on-treatment scans. Changes in susceptibility in rim lesions were compared among treatment groups in a linear mixed effects model. In a separate in vitro study, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human microglia were treated with DMF or GA, and treatment-induced changes in iron content and activation state of microglia were compared.
resultsRim lesions in patients treated with DMF had on average a 2.77-unit reduction in susceptibility per year over rim lesions in patients treated with GA (bootstrapped 95% CI -5.87 to -0.01), holding all other variables constant. Moreover, DMF but not GA reduced inflammatory activation and concomitantly iron content in human microglia in vitro. DISCUSSION: Together, our data indicate that DMF-induced reduction of susceptibility in MS lesions is associated with a decreased activation state in microglial cells. We have demonstrated that a specific disease modifying therapy, DMF, decreases glial activity in chronic active lesions. Susceptibility changes in rim lesions provide an in vivo biomarker for the effect of DMF on microglial activity. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provided Class III evidence that DMF is superior to GA in the presence of iron as a marker of inflammation as measured by MRI quantitative susceptibility mapping.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.