ArticleAnnals of family medicine
Conceptualizing, Contextualizing, and Operationalizing Race in Quantitative Health Sciences Research.
Article in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 253 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
253 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Oil and Gas Development and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Qualitative and Quantitative Bias Analysis of the Epidemiologic Literature.Current environmental health reports · 2026Pooled it
- Barriers and facilitators to initiating and adhering to harm reduction services among people who inject drugs in the United States: a systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of weight stigma and disordered eating cognitions and behaviors.Body image · 2024Pooled it
- Sociodemographic reporting and sample composition over 3 decades of psychopathology research: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2024Pooled it
- Race and Ethnicity of Infants Enrolled in Neonatal Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Exploring Factors Associated With Self-Reported Parental Spanking and Hitting Out of Anger: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses Using National Panel Data.Family process · 2026Article
- Severe maternal morbidity in pregnancies complicated by maternal seizure disorder.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- BMI and Initiation of Cancer Screening: A Closer Look at Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex in a Multicenter Population.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Observational
- Long-Term Industrial Emissions Exposure and Cognitive Impairment in Older U.S. Adults: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Maternal weight discrimination experiences and restrictive feeding practices are associated with child body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness.Eating behaviors · 2026Article
- Structural and individualized racism drives racial disparities in chronic low back pain: A cross-sectional serial mediation analysis.The journal of pain · 2026Article
- Healthcare-Related Sociocultural Factors, Racial Disparities, and Kidney Transplant Outcomes in the Kidney Transplant Fast Track Program.Clinical transplantation · 2026Observational
- The Relationship between Social Vulnerability Index, Area Deprivation Index, and Child Opportunity Index, and Treatment Course Characteristics in Infants with Surgically Intervenable Congenital Anomalies.American journal of perinatology · 2026Article
- Interrogating Structural Racism When Doing Health Research in Canada: Using the Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) as a Guiding Framework.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- School-based exposures to oil and gas development for public school children in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Insurance Type and Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use Among US Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Place-based disorder, social cohesion, and physical and mental health outcomes of LGBTQIA+ adults in the United States.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2026Article
- A Multilevel Analysis of HIV Care Outcomes Across Age, Race, and Housing Among United States Women Veterans.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations between prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and fetal growth measurements in utero and at birth in the LIFECODES cohort: 2006-2019.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Observational
193 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Differences in health outcomes across racial groups are among the most commonly reported findings in health disparities research. Often, these studies do not explicitly connect observed disparities to mechanisms of systemic racism that drive adverse health outcomes among racialized and other marginalized groups in the United States. Without this connection, investigators inadvertently support harmful narratives of biologic essentialism or cultural inferiority that pathologize racial identities and inhibit health equity. This paper outlines pitfalls in the conceptualization, contextualization, and operationalization of race in quantitative population health research and provides recommendations on how to appropriately engage in scientific inquiry aimed at understanding racial health inequities. Race should not be used as a measure of biologic difference, but rather as a proxy for exposure to systemic racism. Future studies should go beyond this proxy use and directly measure racism and its health impacts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.