ArticlemSphere2022
Synergism and Antagonism of Bacterial-Viral Coinfection in the Upper Respiratory Tract.
Article in mSphere, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Respiratory syncytial virus disease morbidity in Australian infants aged 0 to 6 months: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Indirect Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Pneumococcal Colonization: Persistence and Dynamics of Vaccine Serotypes in Sicily (Italy) 11 Years Postintroduction, 2009-2020.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- The infectome framework: linking polymicrobial ecology and biofilm dynamics to precision diagnostic approaches.Infection · 2026Review
- [Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Challenges of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Co-infections in Children].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- Comparison of targeted next-generation sequencing and conventional tests for pathogen detection in community-acquired and severe community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Hidden burden of pneumococcal colonization in adults with viral respiratory infections: the role of influenza and RSV.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Respiratory Adenovirus Infections Among Hospitalized Children in Hainan Province, China, 2021-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- NF-κB driven inflammation mediates loss of upper airway epithelial tolerance tobioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Azithromycin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Alone and in Combination with Cetirizine Dihydrochloride Against Resistant Isolates of Respiratory Tract Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Monitoring of Mono- and Coinfections Involving Primary Porcine Reproductive Viruses (PCV2, PPV1, and PRRSV) as Well as Emerging Viruses (PCV3, PCV4, and nPPVs) in Primiparous and Multiparous Sows and Their Litters.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Temporal Changes in Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Colonization Density Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza in a South African Household Cohort Study, 2016-2018.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pneumococcal density and respiratory co-detection in severe pediatric pneumonia in Laos.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of bacterial co-detection in respiratory syncytial virus-positive children in Wenzhou, China, 2021 to 2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Mucosal immunotherapy targeting APC in lung disease.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- Microbiological Investigations for Chikungunya Virus in Children With Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in a Non-Outbreak Setting in Southern India.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 andFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Observational
- Pneumococcal colonization and coinfecting respiratory viruses in children under 5 years in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective case-control study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a leading cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. Coinfection by pneumococci and respiratory viruses enhances disease severity. Little is known about pneumococcal coinfections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, we developed a novel infant mouse model of coinfection using pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a murine analogue of RSV, to examine the dynamics of coinfection in the upper respiratory tract, an anatomical niche that is essential for host-to-host transmission and progression to disease. Coinfection increased damage to the nasal tissue and increased production of the chemokine CCL3. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density and shedding in nasal secretions were increased by coinfection. In contrast, coinfection reduced PVM loads in the nasopharynx, an effect that was independent of pneumococcal strain and the order of infection. We showed that this "antagonistic" effect was absent using either ethanol-killed pneumococci or a pneumococcal mutant deficient in capsule production and incapable of nasopharyngeal carriage. Colonization with a pneumococcal strain naturally unable to produce capsule also reduced viral loads. The pneumococcus-mediated reduction in PVM loads was caused by accelerated viral clearance from the nasopharynx. Although these synergistic and antagonistic effects occurred with both wild-type pneumococcal strains used in this study, the magnitude of the effects was strain dependent. Lastly, we showed that pneumococci can also antagonize influenza virus. Taken together, our study has uncovered multiple novel facets of bacterial-viral coinfection. Our findings have important public health implications, including for bacterial and viral vaccination strategies in young children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.