ArticleScience robotics2022
Light-driven carbon nitride microswimmers with propulsion in biological and ionic media and responsive on-demand drug delivery.
Article in Science robotics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Building with Light: Photoactive Colloids as the Next Generation Meta-Atoms.Nano letters · 2026Review
- Photocatalytic Micro/Nanomotors Functioning in the Near-Infrared Window for Biomedical Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Autonomous Microrobots for Spatiotemporally Active Therapeutic Delivery and Controlled Release.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Glucose-Powered Ultrasmall Chemotactic Nanorobots for Retinal Degeneration Treatment.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Platelet-rich plasma-contained drug delivery systems to treat orthopedic injuries.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Review
- Micro/nano motors treating of digestive system diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Nanomedicines for the treatment of genitourinary neoplasms.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- MOF Coating Enhances the Ion Tolerance of Micromotors.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- Amino acid coating enables micromotor operation in physiological conditions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots.ACS nano · 2025Review
- Layered double hydroxides for regenerative nanomedicine and tissue engineering: recent advances and future perspectives.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Rapid Blood Clot Removal via Remote Delamination and Magnetization of Clot Debris.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- NIR-II Fluorescent Thermophoretic Nanomotors for Superficial Tumor Photothermal Therapy.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Dual-Energy Integration in Photoresponsive Micro/Nanomotors: From Strategic Design to Biomedical Applications.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- Subwavelength-scale off-axis optical nanomanipulation within Gaussian-beam traps.Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Microrobotic Swarms for Cancer Therapy.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Non-Reciprocity, Metastability, and Dynamic Reconfiguration in Co-Assembly of Active and Passive Particles.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Advances in micro-/nanorobots for cancer diagnosis and treatment: propulsion mechanisms, early detection, and cancer therapy.Frontiers in chemistry · 2025Review
- Engineering Polyheptazine and Polytriazine Imides for Photocatalysis.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We propose two-dimensional poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) carbon nitride microparticles as light-driven microswimmers in various ionic and biological media. Their high-speed (15 to 23 micrometer per second; 9.5 ± 5.4 body lengths per second) swimming in multicomponent ionic solutions with concentrations up to 5 M and without dedicated fuels is demonstrated, overcoming one of the bottlenecks of previous light-driven microswimmers. Such high ion tolerance is attributed to a favorable interplay between the particle’s textural and structural nanoporosity and optoionic properties, facilitating ionic interactions in solutions with high salinity. Biocompatibility of these microswimmers is validated by cell viability tests with three different cell lines and primary cells. The nanopores of the swimmers are loaded with a model cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), resulting in a high (185%) loading efficiency without passive release. Controlled drug release is reported under different pH conditions and can be triggered on-demand by illumination. Light-triggered, boosted release of DOX and its active degradation products are demonstrated under oxygen-poor conditions using the intrinsic, environmentally sensitive and light-induced charge storage properties of PHI, which could enable future theranostic applications in oxygen-deprived tumor regions. These organic PHI microswimmers simultaneously address the current light-driven microswimmer challenges of high ion tolerance, fuel-free high-speed propulsion in biological media, biocompatibility, and controlled on-demand cargo release toward their biomedical, environmental, and other potential applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.