ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2023
Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 425 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
425 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 683 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rhabdomyolysis Reported in Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Severity of COVID-19 Omicron Variants: A Global Systematic Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Content Validation of a Medication Adherence Risk Score (MARS) for Mortality Risk Prediction: A Delphi Consensus.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of Ensitrelvir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis with focus on viral clearance and RNA change.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroimaging insights into the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The association of overweight, obesity, and long-term obesity with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis of 9 population-based cohorts from the Netherlands Cohorts Consortium.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- Rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.BMC rheumatology · 2024Pooled it
- mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine induces CD4+ T-cell responses among solid organ transplant recipients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Metabolic control of macrophages in coronavirus disease 2019.Virulence · 2026Review
- Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons in COVID-19 patients from southern Brazil.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Article
- Real-World Utilization of the Novavax Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine in France During the 2022-2024 Period.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Review
- First-Phase Ejection Fraction: A Novel Approach to Detecting Early Systolic Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Naturally occurring ACE2 stalk variants are differentially released from the cell.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association between clinical symptoms and time to pharyngeal PCR negativity among mild omicron COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Predictors of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Presenting With Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Utilizing theInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Breakthrough COVID-19 infections among healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital in Beirut: Prevalence and determinants.IJID regions · 2026Article
365 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an evolving global health crisis. Currently, a number of risk factors have been identified to have a potential impact on increasing the morbidity of COVID-19 in adults, including old age, male sex, pre-existing comorbidities, and racial/ethnic disparities. In addition to these factors, changes in laboratory indices and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as possible complications, could indicate the progression of COVID-19 into a severe and critical stage. Children predominantly suffer from mild illnesses due to COVID-19. Similar to adults, the main risk factors in pediatric patients include age and pre-existing comorbidities. In contrast, supplementation with a healthy diet and sufficient nutrition, COVID-19 vaccination, and atopic conditions may act as protective factors against the infection of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccination not only protects vulnerable individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection, more importantly, it may also reduce the development of severe disease and death due to COVID-19. Currently used therapies for COVID-19 are off-label and empiric, and their impacts on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are still unclear. The interaction between asthma and COVID-19 may be bidirectional and needs to be clarified in more studies. In this review, we highlight the clinical evidence supporting the rationale for the risk and protective factors for the morbidity, severity, and mortality of COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.