ArticleJournal of cellular and molecular medicine2022
Kinetics and persistence of cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthcare workers with or without prior COVID-19.
Article in Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Vaccine Candidates Against Major Fish Pathogens (Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study of the immunological response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Instituto Português de Oncologia of Coimbra professionals.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Article
- Long-Term Durability and Variant-Specific Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immunity over Two Years.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Immunity in COVID-19-Naive Vaccinated Individuals with and Without Spike Protein IgG Antibodies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Age differentially impacts adaptive immune responses induced by adenoviral versus mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.Nature aging · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Evaluation of Long-Term Adaptive Immune Responses Specific to SARS-CoV-2: Effect of Various Vaccination and Omicron Exposure.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Evaluation of residual humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) 9 months after BNT162b2 primary vaccination.Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Beta variant COVID-19 protein booster vaccine elicits durable cross-neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants in non-human primates.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Evaluation of a point of care lateral flow assay for antibody detection following SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series.Journal of immunological methods · 2023Article
- Antibody and T-Cell Subsets Analysis Unveils an Immune Profile Heterogeneity Mediating Long-term Responses in Individuals Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Long-term systemic and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 IgA response and its association with persistent smell and taste disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Antibody and ACE2 Receptor Binding Inhibition Levels among Breakthrough Stage Veteran Patients.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Investigation of Possible Factors Influencing the Neutralizing Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titer after Six Months from the Second Vaccination Dose in a Sample of Italian Nursing Home Personnel.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Guardians of the oral and nasopharyngeal galaxy: IgA and protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly efficient against severe forms of the disease, hospitalization and death. Nevertheless, insufficient protection against several circulating viral variants might suggest waning immunity and the need for an additional vaccine dose. We conducted a longitudinal study on the kinetics and persistence of immune responses in healthcare workers vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. No new infections were diagnosed during follow-up. At 6 months, post-vaccination or post-infection, despite a downward trend in the level of anti-S IgG antibodies, the neutralizing activity does not decrease significantly, remaining higher than 75% (85.14% for subjects with natural infection, 88.82% for vaccinated after prior infection and 78.37% for vaccinated only). In a live-virus neutralization assay, the highest neutralization titres were present at baseline and at 6 months follow-up in persons vaccinated after prior infection. Anti-S IgA levels showed a significant descending trend in vaccinated subjects (p < 0.05) after 14 weeks. Cellular immune responses are present even in vaccinated participants with declining antibody levels (index ratio 1.1-3) or low neutralizing activity (30%-40%) at 6 months, although with lower T-cell stimulation index (p = 0.046) and IFN-γ secretion (p = 0.0007) compared to those with preserved humoral responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.