ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
The time complexity of self-assembly.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hierarchical self-assembly of atomically precise AuNature communications · 2026Article
- Self-assembled cell-scale containers made from DNA origami membranes.Nature materials · 2026Article
- Assembly of Macromolecular Complexes in the Whole-Cell Model of a Minimal Cell.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2026Article
- Nonequilibrium Acceleration and Time Forecasting of Cluster-Mediated Self-Assembly.Journal of chemical theory and computation · 2025Article
- Delay-facilitated self-assembly in compartmentalized systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Coarse-Graining Self-Assembly by the Stochastic Landscape Method.Journal of chemical theory and computation · 2025Article
- Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly Control by the Stochastic Landscape Method.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- Dissipative Self-Assembly of Patchy Particles under Nonequilibrium Drive: A Computational Study.Journal of chemical theory and computation · 2024Article
- Driven Self-Assembly of Patchy Particles Overcoming Equilibrium Limitations.Journal of chemical theory and computation · 2024Article
- Article
- Discovering optimal kinetic pathways for self-assembly using automatic differentiation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Temporal control by cofactors prevents kinetic trapping in retroviral Gag lattice assembly.Biophysical journal · 2023Article
- Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly Time Forecasting by the Stochastic Landscape Method.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2023Article
- Performance analysis of DNA crossbar arrays for high-density memory storage applications.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Proton Affinity in the Chemistry of Beta-Octamolybdate: HPLC-ICP-AES, NMR and Structural Studies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Time efficiency of self-assembly is crucial for many biological processes. Moreover, with the advances of nanotechnology, time efficiency in artificial self-assembly becomes ever more important. While structural determinants and the final assembly yield are increasingly well understood, kinetic aspects concerning the time efficiency, however, remain much more elusive. In computer science, the concept of time complexity is used to characterize the efficiency of an algorithm and describes how the algorithm's runtime depends on the size of the input data. Here we characterize the time complexity of nonequilibrium self-assembly processes by exploring how the time required to realize a certain, substantial yield of a given target structure scales with its size. We identify distinct classes of assembly scenarios, i.e., "algorithms" to accomplish this task, and show that they exhibit drastically different degrees of complexity. Our analysis enables us to identify optimal control strategies for nonequilibrium self-assembly processes. Furthermore, we suggest an efficient irreversible scheme for the artificial self-assembly of nanostructures, which complements the state-of-the-art approach using reversible binding reactions and requires no fine-tuning of binding energies.
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