ArticleEuropean journal of public health2022
Investigating the salmon bias effect among international immigrants in Sweden: a register-based open cohort study.
Article in European journal of public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- A European collaborative initiative to systematically map cancer risk by migration background: the Cancer RADAR project.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Using pension payments abroad to examine post-retirement migration and health among Finnish migrants in Sweden.Journal of migration and health · 2026Article
- Younger adults are not alright, but older adults are? Examining mortality disparities among the children of migrants aged 15-44 and 45-64 in Sweden, 1990-2023: a total-population cohort study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Mental health among Sweden Finns: A systematic scoping review.Transcultural psychiatry · 2025Article
- Disparities in overall and site-specific cancer mortality among immigrant generations in Sweden: a nationwide follow-up study over 3 decades.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Temporal trends of psychiatric disorders incidence by sex, education and immigration status among young and middle-aged adults in Sweden, 2004-2019.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Healthcare utilization patterns among migrant populations: Increased readmissions suggest poorer access. A population-wide retrospective cohort study.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Advancing migration and health research by examining return migration.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Article
- Linking migration and hospital data in England: linkage process and evaluation of bias.International journal of population data science · 2024Article
- Income mortality paradox by immigrants' duration of residence in Sweden: a population register-based study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Differences in the risk of premature cancer mortality between natives and immigrants in Spain.European journal of public health · 2023Article
- A population-based cohort study on changes in breast, lung and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality among non-Western immigrant women.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Disruption and selection: the income gradient in mortality among natives and migrants in Sweden.European journal of public health · 2023Article
- Scoping review protocol on the health of sub-Saharan African migrants in the Asia-Pacific region.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Mortality Advantage Reversed: The Causes of Death Driving All-Cause Mortality Differentials Between Immigrants, the Descendants of Immigrants and Ancestral Natives in Sweden, 1997-2016.European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie · 2022Article
- Immigration, mortality, and national life expectancy in the Nordic region, 1990-2019.SSM - population health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies of migration and health have hypothesized that immigrants may emigrate when they develop poor health (salmon bias effect), which may partially explain the mortality advantage observed among immigrants in high-income countries. We evaluated the salmon bias effect by comparing the health of immigrants in Sweden who emigrated with those who remained, while also exploring potential variation by macro-economic conditions, duration of residence and region of origin.
methodsA longitudinal, open cohort study design was used to assess risk of emigration between 1992 and 2016 among all adult (18+ years) foreign-born persons who immigrated to Sweden between 1965 and 2012 (n = 1 765 459). The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to measure health status, using information on hospitalizations from the Swedish National Patient Register. Poisson regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for emigrating from Sweden.
resultsImmigrants with low (RR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.76-0.90) moderate (RR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.62-0.80) and high (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.48-0.82) levels of comorbidities had decreased risk of emigration relative to those with no comorbidities. There was no evidence of variation by health status in emigration during periods of economic recession or by duration of residence. Individuals with low to moderate levels of comorbidities from some regions of origin had an increased risk of emigration relative to those with no comorbidities.
conclusionsThe study results do not support the existence of a salmon bias effect as a universal phenomenon among international immigrants in Sweden.
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