ArticleJAMA2022
Mortality, In-Hospital Morbidity, Care Practices, and 2-Year Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants in the US, 2013-2018.
Article in JAMA, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 418 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles From the Cord Blood of Extremely Preterm New Borns and Their Correlation With Severe Morbidity and Mortality
A Descriptive Prospective Study of Diaphragmatic Activity in Intubated Neonates Around Extubation
Who cites it
418 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 652 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gestational Age-Specific Prevalence of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Very Preterm Infants: An Exploratory Meta-Analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Pooled it
- Swiss Recommendations for the Perinatal Care of Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Guideline
- Systemic steroids and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Pooled it
- Safety of Sildenafil in Premature Infants with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (SILDI-SAFE): A Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Effect modification of late surfactant treatment by patent ductus arteriosus status in ventilated preterm infants: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Trial
- Associations of socioeconomic status and nurturing environment with developmental outcomes in very preterm children without sensorimotor impairment: a secondary analysis of the INTACT study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Long-term growth and neurodevelopment of extremely preterm infants randomized to fortified human milk diets enriched with a protein supplement.Pediatric research · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Hydrocortisone in Preterm Infants and School-Age Functional Outcomes: Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Cluster-randomized evaluation of neonatal intensive care unit quality improvement interventions in extremely preterm infants: secondary analysis of the INTACT trial.BMC pediatrics · 2026Trial
- Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Infants Born Extremely Preterm and Randomized to Early Human Milk Fortification with a Donor Milk-Derived Fortifier for 2 Weeks.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 3 years of preterm infants born at 22-31 weeks' gestation.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Trial
- Acute kidney injury and subsequent risk of late-onset infection among extremely low gestational age newborns.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Trial
- Prophylactic hydrocortisone and the risk of sepsis in neonates born extremely preterm.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Late Permissive Hypercapnia for Mechanically Ventilated Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Trial
- An Internet-Based and Mobile Family Management Intervention for Mothers of Very Preterm Infants Hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (the Preemie Progress Program): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Red blood cell transfusion is not associated with lymphocyte subpopulation counts in very low birthweight infants.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- Japan at the limits of viability: national experience and evolving outcomes of infants born at 22-23 weeks' gestation.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Preterm birth, body mass index trajectories, and risk of thinness in early childhood: the Japan Environment and Children's study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Trends in Postmenstrual Age at Discharge and Predictive Factors Among a Contemporary Cohort of Infants Born Preterm.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
358 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
23 authors at 16 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
importanceDespite improvement during recent decades, extremely preterm infants continue to contribute disproportionately to neonatal mortality and childhood morbidity.
objectiveTo review survival, in-hospital morbidities, care practices, and neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes at 22-26 months' corrected age for extremely preterm infants. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsProspective registry for extremely preterm infants born at 19 US academic centers that are part of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. The study included 10 877 infants born at 22-28 weeks' gestational age between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018, including 2566 infants born before 27 weeks between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, who completed follow-up assessments at 22-26 months' corrected age. The last assessment was completed on August 13, 2019. Outcomes were compared with a similar cohort of infants born in 2008-2012 adjusting for gestational age. EXPOSURES: Extremely preterm birth. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Survival and 12 in-hospital morbidities were assessed, including necrotizing enterocolitis, infection, intracranial hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infants were assessed at 22-26 months' corrected age for 12 health and functional outcomes, including neurodevelopment, cerebral palsy, vision, hearing, rehospitalizations, and need for assistive devices.
resultsThe 10 877 infants were 49.0% female and 51.0% male; 78.3% (8495/10848) survived to discharge, an increase from 76.0% in 2008-2012 (adjusted difference, 2.0%; 95% CI, 1.0%-2.9%). Survival to discharge was 10.9% (60/549) for live-born infants at 22 weeks and 94.0% (2267/2412) at 28 weeks. Survival among actively treated infants was 30.0% (60/200) at 22 weeks and 55.8% (535/958) at 23 weeks. All in-hospital morbidities were more likely among infants born at earlier gestational ages. Overall, 8.9% (890/9956) of infants had necrotizing enterocolitis, 2.4% (238/9957) had early-onset infection, 19.9% (1911/9610) had late-onset infection, 14.3% (1386/9705) had severe intracranial hemorrhage, 12.8% (1099/8585) had severe retinopathy of prematurity, and 8.0% (666/8305) had severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Among 2930 surviving infants with gestational ages of 22-26 weeks eligible for follow-up, 2566 (87.6%) were examined. By 2-year follow-up, 8.4% (214/2555) of children had moderate to severe cerebral palsy, 1.5% (38/2555) had bilateral blindness, 2.5% (64/2527) required hearing aids or cochlear implants, 49.9% (1277/2561) had been rehospitalized, and 15.4% (393/2560) required mobility aids or other supportive devices. Among 2458 fully evaluated infants, 48.7% (1198/2458) had no or mild neurodevelopmental impairment at follow-up, 29.3% (709/2419) had moderate neurodevelopmental impairment, and 21.2% (512/2419) had severe neurodevelopmental impairment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among extremely preterm infants born in 2013-2018 and treated at 19 US academic medical centers, 78.3% survived to discharge, a significantly higher rate than for infants born in 2008-2012. Among infants born at less than 27 weeks' gestational age, rehospitalization and neurodevelopmental impairment were common at 2 years of age.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.