ArticleBrain and behavior2022
Variability of EEG electrode positions and their underlying brain regions: visualizing gel artifacts from a simultaneous EEG-fMRI dataset.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Heterogeneous Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Converge on a Common Network Associated With Symptom Remission.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
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- Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex on short-term balance acquisition in healthy individuals.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Asymmetric Modulation of Brain Connectivity by Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Healthy Individuals: A Single-Blind, Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial.Human brain mapping · 2025Trial
- Transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances early dexterity skills with the left non-dominant hand: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Trial
- Age-related differences in neural activity and functional connectivity during self- and other-referential processing: An EEG study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Reducing Cranial Morphology Error in F3 Scalp Localization: Comparison of Heuristic and Regression-Based Methods.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
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- Mixed reality assisted target localization for transcranial magnetic stimulation navigation: a feasibility study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Neural effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over left supramarginal gyrus on cognitive empathy for pain.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- An experimental study of the effect of neuromuscular blockade on EEG-based measures of awareness.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comfortable Flower Electrodes for Dry EEG in Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Diagnostics.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Functional connectivity in infants' visual cortex and its links to motion processing and autism.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Processing and analysis of portable EEG data for cognitive load assessment in neurotypical university students.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- What electrodes can be used to measure mu rhythm (de)synchronization in the context of speech comprehension studies? An insight from theoretical analysis.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Impact of sensory integration in modulating neuronal oscillation bands and antagonist vibratory response during co-vibration.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Extracranial Hemodynamic Responses to a Noxious Cold Pressor Task Differ Between Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache and Healthy Controls.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- LPGGNet: Learning from Local-Partition-Global Graph Representations for Motor Imagery EEG Recognition.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Virtual Neuronavigation for Parcel-guided TMS.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
introductionWe investigated the between-subject variability of EEG (electroencephalography) electrode placement from a simultaneously recorded EEG-fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) dataset.
methodsNeuro-navigation software was used to localize electrode positions, made possible by the gel artifacts present in the structural magnetic resonance images. To assess variation in the brain regions directly underneath electrodes we used MNI coordinates, their associated Brodmann areas, and labels from the Harvard-Oxford Cortical Atlas. We outline this relatively simple pipeline with accompanying analysis code.
resultsIn a sample of 20 participants, the mean standard deviation of electrode placement was 3.94 mm in x, 5.55 mm in y, and 7.17 mm in z, with the largest variation in parietal and occipital electrodes. In addition, the brain regions covered by electrode pairs were not always consistent; for example, the mean location of electrode PO7 was mapped to BA18 (secondary visual cortex), whereas PO8 was closer to BA19 (visual association cortex). Further, electrode C1 was mapped to BA4 (primary motor cortex), whereas C2 was closer to BA6 (premotor cortex).
conclusionsOverall, the results emphasize the variation in electrode positioning that can be found even in a fixed cap. This may be particularly important to consider when using EEG positioning systems to inform non-invasive neurostimulation.
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