ArticleJournal of endocrinological investigation2022
Risk factors for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs): a three-centric case-control study.
Article in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metformin and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2024Pooled it
- Hypoglycemic agents and incidence of pancreatic cancer in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety ofFrontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Genetically determined ABO blood group, secretor status, Lewis antigens, and panNEN risk.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Diabetes and cancer: glucose control impact on survival and tumor outcomes.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Development and internal validation of a SEER-based prediction model for survival in poorly and undifferentiated colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- IL-1β/CXCL12 signalling orchestrates adipocyte-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor crosstalk.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Pre-diagnostic body mass index trajectories and associations with lung cancer risk.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Rising Incidence of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Northern Switzerland-Data From the Cancer Registry.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- A prediction tool for malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: results from NUTRIGETNE (GETNE-S2109) study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Long-Term Persistence of Glycemic Dysregulation in Patients With a History of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Incretins and SGLT-2 inhibitors in diabetic patients with neuroendocrine tumors: current updates and future directions.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Risk Factors Associated with Gastroenteropancreatic and Lung Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Nested Case-Control Study from the All of Us Research Program.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Infrared spectral analysis of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors reveals diagnostic biomarkers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association of modifiable risk factors and telomere length with five neuroendocrine neoplasms: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms coexisting with biliary intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: A case report and review of literature.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Article
- Nutritional status and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: lights and shadows with a clinical guide from the NIKE Group.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Discordant risk factors between pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Endocrine-related cancer · 2025Article
- Impact of dyslipidemia and lipid-lowering therapy with statins in patients with neuroendocrine tumors.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Observational
- Nutritional aspects in neuroendocrine neoplasms. bridging the gap between dietary interventions and cancer care strategies: a scoping review.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeRisk factors for sporadic GEP-NENs are still not well defined. To identify the main clinical risk factors represents the aim of this study performed by three Italian referral centers for NENs.
methodsWe performed a retrospective case-control study including 148 consecutive sporadic GEP-NENs and 210 age- and sex-matched controls. We collected data on clinical features, cancer family history and other potential risk factors.
resultsMean age was 58.3 ± 15.8 years; 50% males, primary site was pancreas (50.7%), followed by ileum (22.3%). The 62.8% and 29.1% of cases were G1 and G2, respectively; the 40% had locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis. Independent risk factors for GEP-NENs were: family history of non-neuroendocrine GEP cancer (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.31-3.55, p = 0.003), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.39-4.51, p = 0.002) and obesity (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.18-2.99, p = 0.007). In the T2DM subjects, metformin use was a protective factor (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08-0.93, p = 0.049). T2DM was also associated with a more advanced (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.05-5.46, p = 0.035) and progressive disease (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.08-5.34, p = 0.03). Stratifying cases by primary site, independent risk factors for pancreatic NENs were T2DM (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.28-5.15, p = 0.008) and obesity (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.11-3.52, p = 0.020), while for intestinal NENs family history of non-neuroendocrine GEP cancer (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.38-4.38, p = 0.003) and obesity (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.08-3.33, p = 0.026).
conclusionThis study reinforces a role for family history of non-neuroendocrine GEP cancer, T2DM and obesity as independent risk factors for GEP-NENs and suggests a role of metformin as a protective factor in T2DM subjects. If confirmed, these findings could have a significant impact on prevention strategies for GEP-NENs.
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