Observational studyVaccine2022
COVID-19 and missed or delayed vaccination in 26 middle- and high-income countries: An observational survey.
Observational study in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of COVID-19 on general vaccine acceptance in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of poor sleep quality in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Drivers of and barriers to routine adult vaccination: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Social networks and vaccination: a perspective on the essential role of social networks to improve vaccination outcomes in public health.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Understanding the Epidemiology and Contributing Factors of Post-COVID-19 Pertussis Outbreaks: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Review
- Precision Vaccinology: Making Vaccines Work Better for Women and Men.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Proposal for a fourth indicator on vaccine uptake in the joint external evaluation tool.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2025Article
- Evidence gaps and challenges in maintaining and increasing vaccine uptake: A Delphi survey with Australian stakeholders.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025Article
- COVID-19 related disruption and resilience in immunisation activities in LMICs: a rapid review.BMJ open · 2024Review
- Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pregnant Women's Attitudes towards Childhood Vaccinations: A Cross-Sectional Study.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Developing and validating a scale to measure the perceptions of safety, usability and acceptability of microarray patches for vaccination: a study protocol.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2024Article
- A review of factors influencing vaccination policies and programs for older adults globally.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Routine childhood vaccination among ethnocultural groups in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of a vaccine recovery plan after the COVID-19 pandemic in the Siracusa Local Health Authority, Italy. Results of one year follow-up.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Factors Associated With Delayed or Missed Pediatric Preventive Care in the US Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Article
- Reasons for reductions in routine childhood immunisation uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on routine childhood immunisations in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- The impacts of COVID-19 and its policy response on access and utilization of maternal and child health services in Tanzania: A mixed methods study.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- An Overview of Strategies to Improve Vaccination Compliance before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted vaccination services and raised the risk of a global resurgence of preventable diseases. We assessed the extent of and reasons for missed or delayed vaccinations (hereafter 'missed') in middle- and high-income countries in the early months of the pandemic.
methodsFrom May to June 2020, participants completed an online survey on missed vaccination. Analyses separated missed childhood and adult vaccination in middle-and high-income countries.
resultsRespondents were 28,429 adults from 26 middle- and high-income countries. Overall, 9% of households had missed a vaccine, and 13% were unsure. More households in middle- than high-income countries reported missed childhood vaccination (7.6% vs. 3.0%) and missed adult vaccination (9.6% vs. 3.4%, both p < .05). Correlates of missed childhood vaccination in middle-income countries included COVID-19 risk factors (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases), younger age, male sex, employment, psychological distress, larger household size, and more children. In high-income countries, correlates of missed childhood vaccination also included immunosuppressive conditions, but did not include sex or household size. Fewer correlates were associated with missed adult vaccination other than COVID-19 risk factors and psychological distress. Common reasons for missed vaccinations were worry about getting COVID-19 at the vaccination clinic (15%) or when leaving the house (11%). Other reasons included no healthcare provider recommendation, clinic closure, and wanting to save services for others.
interpretationMissed vaccination was common and more prevalent in middle- than high-income countries. Missed vaccination could be mitigated by emphasizing COVID-19 safety measures in vaccination clinics, ensuring free and accessible immunization, and clear healthcare provider recommendations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.