ArticleBMC public health2022
Association between a single mother family and childhood undervaccination, and mediating effect of household income: a nationwide, prospective birth cohort from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS).
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coverage and associated factors of inactivated polio vaccine uptake among children aged 12-23 months in Sub-Saharan Africa.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Determinants of incomplete childhood vaccination among children aged 0-23 months in Ghana: a facility-based cross-sectional study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Closing immunization gap: Complete basic childhood vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in Tanzania; a multilevel analysis of the 2022 Demographic and Health Survey.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Unveiling the Drivers of Polio Vaccine Uptake: Insights from a Multi-Country Study of 37 Nations in Sub-Saharan Africa.PloS one · 2025Article
- Differences in routine childhood immunization uptake between single and multiple healthcare facility use: the Kochi Adjunct Study of Japan Environment and Children's Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011-2019.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Community awareness, knowledge and perception about malaria vaccine in the Kassena-Nankana East Municipality: A descriptive cross-sectional survey.Nursing open · 2024Article
- Evaluating the knowledge, attitude, perception, and readiness of caregivers of under 5-year-old children to accept malaria vaccine in Nigeria.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2024Article
- Article
- The willingness of parents to vaccinate their children younger than 12 years against COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Willingness to accept malaria vaccine among caregivers of under-5 children in Southwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 12 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough childhood undervaccination among single mother families is a concern for child healthcare, their association is still under debate. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal marital status and the risk of childhood undervaccination and determine the mediating effect of household income.
methodsWe utilised prospective birth cohort from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Of 104,062 foetal records (children) from 97,413 mothers, 82,462 that included mothers recruited between 2011 and 2014, were analysed. Childhood undervaccination was defined as not having been vaccinated with at least one routine vaccine. A log-binomial regression analysis was used to estimate the risk ratio (RR) for the association between maternal marital status and the risk of childhood undervaccination. A causal mediation analysis was further performed to investigate the proportion of the association mediated by household income.
resultsAmong 82,462 children, 3188 and 79,274 had unmarried and married mothers, respectively. Childhood undervaccination was observed in 1053 (33.0%) and 16,901 (21.3%) children of unmarried and married mothers, respectively. Maternal marital status was associated with a higher risk of childhood undervaccination (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27 to 1.41). Compared with married and older mothers, both unmarried and older (aRR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.35 to 1.77) and unmarried and younger (aRR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.54 to 1.79) mothers were associated with a higher risk of childhood undervaccination. The causal mediation analysis showed that the proportion mediated by household income was 10.5% (95% CI, 9.9 to 11.0%).
conclusionsThis nationwide, prospective, large-scale birth cohort study found that a household with a single mother was associated with an increased risk of childhood undervaccination, and 10% of this association was explained by household income. These findings underscore the importance of improving the social environment among single mother families, including not only poverty but also working conditions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.