Trial reportGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2022
Application of a 3D-printed eye model for teaching direct ophthalmoscopy to undergraduates.
Trial report in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Simulation models in direct ophthalmoscopy education: a systematic review.Canadian medical education journal · 2025Pooled it
- Integrating 3D-printed sclero-corneal models into Rigid Gas Permeable contact lens training: A pilot study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Experience-stratified efficacy of 3D printed models in assisting orthopedic residents with pelvic ring injury classification: a comparative analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Observational
- Article
- 3D printed eyeball implants in dogs with advanced glaucoma: a case series study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Pilot Study on the Development and Integration of Anthropomorphic Models within the Dental Technician Curriculum.Dentistry journal · 2024Article
- Article
- Efficacy of three-dimensional models for medical education: A systematic scoping review of randomized clinical trials.Heliyon · 2023Article
- A Systematic Review of Three-Dimensional Printing in Medical Education: Educational Impact and Methodological Quality.Journal of medical education and curricular developmentReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aims to design an eye model that can simulate the fundus for teaching direct ophthalmoscopy and to evaluate its effectiveness.
methodsWe first used 3D printing materials to make an eye model and then randomly assigned 92 undergraduates into group A (model-assisted training group) and group B (traditional training group) to test our model. After the same training time, real patients were used to test the students, with 120 s as the examination time limit. We recorded the students' ability to clearly see the optic disk, the time to determine the cup-to-disk ratio, and whether they were correct.
resultsForty-three students in group A (93.48%) successfully saw the fundus, while 21 in group B (45.65%) succeeded. The difference between the two groups was 47.83% (95% confidence interval, 29.59-66.07%, P < 0.0001). The median time to see the fundus was 29s (95% confidence interval 23-45 s) in group A, while an estimated minimum time in group B was 80 s, indicating that group A was significantly faster than group B (P < 0.0001).
conclusionsThis 3D-printed eye model significantly improved the students' study interest, study efficiency, and study results and is worthy of being promoted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
35038015What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.