ArticleAddictive behaviors2022
Biomarkers of nicotine exposure correlate with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist among adolescents in California, United States.
Article in Addictive behaviors, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Appeal and Sensory Characteristics of Oral Nicotine Products in Young Adults Who Vape E-Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Preflavour and postflavour ban oral nicotine pouches: a chemical, sensory and young adult appeal analysis.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Effects of nicotine concentration and pH on nicotine pouch appeal and sensory experience: A randomized experimental study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a Moroccan Arabic version of the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Assessment of nicotine and cannabis co-use among adolescents and the association with nicotine and cannabis dependence symptoms.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- Age of onset of nicotine use and severity of nicotine addiction symptoms are associated with hippocampal volume in late adolescents and emerging adults.Frontiers in adolescent medicine · 2025Article
- Reply to Foxon F. & Shiffman S. Regarding Comments on "Adjei et al. 2024 Symptoms of nicotine dependence by E-cigarette and cigarette use behavior and brand: A population-based, nationally representative cross-sectional study" [Drug Alcohol Depend. 255 (2024) 111059].Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Article
- E-cigarette and combustible cigarette cessation patterns, reasons, and methods among adolescents, young adults, and adults.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- Nicotine dependence among young adults: Comparing exclusive ENDS users to exclusive cigarette smokers.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- Adolescents' Experiences and Perceptions of E-Cigarettes and Nicotine Addiction.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
- Nicotine Dependence from Different E-Cigarette Devices and Combustible Cigarettes among US Adolescent and Young Adult Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) has been used to assess nicotine dependence (loss of autonomy over tobacco) among adolescents. Existing HONC validation studies for non-cigarette products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), have generally not considered biomarkers of nicotine exposure.
methodsWithin a cross-sectional sample of California (USA) high school students (total N = 1396; mean age 15.2 years; 56% female; 54% Hispanic/Latinx), self-reported past 30-day users of any tobacco (including e-cigarettes) completed a modified 10-item HONC questionnaire and provided saliva samples (N = 318 samples, including N = 234 exclusive past 30-day e-cigarette users). Samples were analyzed for cotinine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lower limit of quantification: 1.0 ng/mL).
resultsAcross four categories of HONC score corresponding to an increasing number of reported dependence symptoms (scores: 0, 1, 2-4, 5-10), the prevalence of quantifiable salivary cotinine increased among past 30-day tobacco users (20%, 21%, 38%, 55%, respectively, P-for-trend < 0.001) and among past 30-day exclusive e-cigarette users (15%, 22%, 31%, 42%, respectively, P-for-trend = 0.001). Among participants with quantifiable cotinine levels, HONC total score and cotinine were positively correlated among past 30-day tobacco users (n = 89; Spearman rho = 0.449; P < 0.001) and past 30-day exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 49; Spearman rho = 0.520; P < 0.001). HONC score was also associated with past 30-day frequency of tobacco product use and reported use of tobacco within 30 min of waking.
conclusionsThese results support the validity of HONC to assess nicotine dependence among adolescents. Dependence symptoms may be experienced at low levels of nicotine exposure.
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