ArticleBMC public health2022
Lead contamination of public drinking water and academic achievements among children in Massachusetts: a panel study.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metals in tap water across child care and home environments: association between lead and early childhood executive function.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Mixture effects of air pollutants on Parkinson's disease in adults ages 40+ in the United States from 2002 to 2016.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Diffusion Mechanism of lead(II) and cadmium(II) Adsorption onto Commercial Activated Carbons.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Blood lead levels and math learning in first year of school: An association for concern.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Repeated home drinking water sampling to improve detection of particulate lead spikes: a simulation study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Review
- Data-Sparse Prediction of High-Risk Schools for Lead Contamination in Drinking Water: Examples from Four U.S. States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda.Journal of xenobiotics · 2023Article
- Disparities in Toxic Chemical Exposures and Associated Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Scoping Review and Systematic Evidence Map of the Epidemiological Literature.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Knowledge, confidence, and reported behaviors that promote safe water drinking among women of reproductive age.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPublic drinking water can be an important source exposure to lead, which can affect children's cognitive development and academic performance. Few studies have looked at the impact of lead exposures from community water supplies or their impact on school achievements. We examined the association between annual community water lead levels (WLLs) and children's academic performances at the school district level.
methodsWe matched the 90th percentile WLLs with the grade 3-8 standardized test scores from the Stanford Education Data Archive on Geographic School Districts by geographic location and year. We used multivariate linear regression and adjusted for urbanicity, race, socioeconomic characteristics, school district, grade, and year. We also explored potential effect measure modifications and lag effects.
resultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, a 5 μg/L increase in 90th percentile WLLs in a GSD was associated with a 0.00684 [0.00021, 0.01348] standard deviation decrease in the average math test score in the same year. No association was found for English Language Arts.
conclusionsWe found an association between the annual fluctuation of WLLs and math test scores in Massachusetts school districts, after adjusting for confounding by urbanicity, race, socioeconomic factors, school district, grade, and year. The implications of a detectable effect of WLLs on academic performance even at the modest levels evident in MA are significant and timely. Persistent efforts should be made to further reduce lead in drinking water.
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