Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35032828›Full record

ReviewInternational immunopharmacology2022

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Covid-19: A new frontiers for therapeutic modality.

Hayder M Al-Kuraishy, Ali I Al-Gareeb, Hany Akeel Al-Hussaniy, Nasser A Hadi Al-Harcan, Athanasios Alexiou, Gaber El-Saber Batiha

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in International immunopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
112citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
15.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

112 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Viral Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. COVID-19 Vaccine Administration: Phase 2 of an in Progress Review in New York State Local Health Departments.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Trial
  6. Review
  7. Alveolar macrophage-neutrophil crosstalk in acute lung injury: mechanisms, feedback loops, and therapeutic opportunities.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026
    Review
  8. Article
  9. COVID-19, the disease that changed the world.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2026
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Frontiers in immunology · 2026
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) as a Potential Target for Anti-Aging: Role of Therapeutic Apheresis.Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme · 2025
    Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Article

52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Hayder M Al-KuraishyDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Ali I Al-GareebDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Hany Akeel Al-HussaniyDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Anesthetic, Al-Nukhaba University-Baghdad, Iraq.
Nasser A Hadi Al-HarcanDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Rasheed University College, Bagdad, Iraq.
Athanasios AlexiouDepartment of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia; AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria. Electronic address: alexiou@ngcef.net.
Gaber El-Saber BatihaDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt. Electronic address: dr_gaber_batiha@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg.
Mustansiriyah University · IQAl Rasheed University College · IQDamanhour University · EG

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a worldwide infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is severe inflammatory reactions due to neutrophil recruitments and infiltration in the different organs with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which involved various complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to explore the potential role of NETs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify the targeting drugs against NETs in Covid-19 patients. Different enzyme types are involved in the formation of NETs, such as neutrophil elastase (NE), which degrades nuclear protein and release histones, peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADA4), which releases chromosomal DNA and gasdermin D, which creates pores in the NTs cell membrane that facilitating expulsion of NT contents. Despite of the beneficial effects of NETs in controlling of invading pathogens, sustained formations of NETs during respiratory viral infections are associated with collateral tissue injury. Excessive development of NETs in SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked with the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to creation of the NETs-IL-1β loop. Also, aberrant NTs activation alone or through NETs formation may augment SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm (CS) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with severe Covid-19. Furthermore, NETs formation in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with immuno-thrombosis and the development of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, anti-NETs therapy of natural or synthetic sources may mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced exaggerated immune response, hyperinflammation, immuno-thrombosis, and other complications.

Indexed as

Acute Lung InjuryAnti-Inflammatory AgentsCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentCytokine Release SyndromeExtracellular TrapsGasderminsHumansImmunity, InnateLeukocyte ElastaseNeutrophil InfiltrationPhosphate-Binding ProteinsPore Forming Cytotoxic ProteinsProtein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4SARS-CoV-2Anti-Inflammatory AgentsELANE protein, humanGasderminsGSDMD protein, humanLeukocyte ElastasePADI4 protein, humanPhosphate-Binding ProteinsPore Forming Cytotoxic ProteinsProtein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4Acute lung injuryAcute respiratory distress syndromeCovid-19Cytokine stormImmuno-thrombosisNeutrophil extracellular traps

Identifiers

PMID35032828
PMCPMC8733219
OpenAlexW4205559406

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.