ArticleNPJ vaccines2022
Revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is associated with an increased risk of abscess and lymphadenopathy.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine, MTBVAC, in adults with or without M tuberculosis sensitisation: a single-centre, phase 1b-2a, double-blind, dose-escalation, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Trial
- BCG vaccination of healthcare workers for protection against COVID-19: 12-month outcomes from an international randomised controlled trial.The Journal of infection · 2024Trial
- Safety of BCG vaccination and revaccination in healthcare workers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- The effect of BCG vaccination on infection and antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2-The results of ProBCG: a multicenter randomized clinical trial in Brazil.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Trial
- The safety of co-administration of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and influenza vaccines.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Revisiting the Chingleput BCG vaccination trial for the impact of BCG revaccination on the incidence of tuberculosis disease.The Indian journal of medical researchTrial
- HowVaccines · 2026Review
- Case-control study of risk factors for abscess development following hepatitis B vaccination in children in Timor-Leste, 2024.PloS one · 2026Article
- BCGitis and BCGosis: Clinical Spectrum, Immunological Mechanisms, and Risk Management.Vaccines · 2025Review
- BCG-derived acellular membrane vesicles elicit antimycobacterial immunity and innate immune memory.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Revamping the BCG revaccination strategy: Records to recall, or just call it phoenix?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination and Protection Against Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Vaccines and Dementia: Part II. Efficacy of BCG and Other Vaccines Against Dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Review
- The safety of BCG revaccination in the context of COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Review
- Erratum: Factors influencing scar formation following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Factors influencing scar formation following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Severe Adverse Reactions to Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination in China: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Sage open pediatricsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The reported frequency and types of adverse events following initial vaccination and revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) varies worldwide. Using active surveillance in a randomised controlled trial of BCG vaccination (the BRACE trial), we determined the incidence and risk factors for the development of BCG injection site abscess and regional lymphadenopathy. Injection site abscess occurred in 3% of 1387 BCG-vaccinated participants; the majority (34/41, 83%) resolved without treatment. The rate was higher in BCG-revaccinated participants (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.7-7.5), in whom abscess onset was also earlier (median 16 vs. 27 days, p = 0.008). No participant with an abscess had a positive interferon-gamma release assay. Regional lymphadenopathy occurred in 48/1387 (3%) of BCG-vaccinated participants, with a higher rate in revaccinated participants (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). BCG-associated lymphadenopathy, but not injection site abscess, was influenced by age and sex. A previous positive tuberculin skin test was not associated with local reactions. The increased risk of injection site abscess or lymphadenopathy following BCG revaccination is relevant to BCG vaccination policy in an era when BCG is increasingly being considered for novel applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.