ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
Estimated causal effects of complementary feeding behaviors on early childhood diet quality in a US cohort.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Healthy Diet Metrics for Children and Adolescents and Their Suitability for Global Monitoring: A Critical Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Trajectory of Cardiovascular Health Across Childhood and Adolescence.JAMA cardiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Biological and Experiential Factors That Impact the Acceptance of Complementary Foods.Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Prime Diet Quality Score from Early Childhood Through Mid-Adolescence.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Bean Consumption during Childhood Is Associated with Improved Nutritional Outcomes in the First Two Years of Life.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Associations of infant feeding practices with abdominal and hepatic fat measures in childhood in the longitudinal Healthy Start Study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- The nutritional profile of commercial complementary foods in Japan: comparison between low- and high-price products.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Making every bite count: best practices for introducing foods during the complementary feeding period.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Article
- Early Life Nutrition and the Role of Complementary Feeding on Later Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Children up to 3 Years of Age.Nutrients · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundComplementary feeding (CF) provides an opportunity to shape children's future dietary habits, setting the foundation for good nutrition and health.
objectivesWe estimated effects of 3 CF behaviors on early childhood diet quality using inverse probability (IP) weighting of marginal structural models (MSMs).
methodsAmong 1041 children from the Boston-area Project Viva cohort, we estimated effects on the mean Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI) score in early childhood of 1) delayed (≥12 mo) compared with early (<12 mo) introduction of sweets and fruit juice; 2) continued compared with ceased offering of initially refused foods; and 3) early (<12 mo) compared with late (≥12 mo) introduction of flavor/texture variety. Mothers reported CF behaviors at 1 y and completed FFQs for children in early childhood (median age: 3.1 y). We estimated average treatment effects (ATEs) using IP weighting of MSMs to adjust for both confounding and selection bias due to censored outcomes and examined effect modification by child sex and breastfeeding compared with formula feeding at 6 mo.
resultsTwelve percent of mothers delayed introducing sweets/fruit juice, 93% continued offering initially refused foods, and 32% introduced flavor/texture variety early. The mean ± SD YHEI score was 52.8 ± 9.2 points. In adjusted models, we estimated a higher mean YHEI score with delayed (compared with early) sweets and fruit juice among breastfeeding children (ATE: 4.5 points; 95% CI: 1.0, 7.4 points), as well as with continued (compared with ceased) offering of refused foods among females (ATE: 5.4 points; 95% CI: 0.8, 9.1 points). The ATE for early (compared with late) flavor/texture variety was 1.7 points (95% CI: 0.3, 3.2 points) overall and stronger (2.8 points; 95% CI: 0.7, 5.1 points) among the formula-fed group.
conclusionsDelayed introduction of sweets/juice, continued offering of refused foods, and early flavor/texture variety may all result in higher childhood diet quality. Effects may depend on child sex and infant breastfeeding status.
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