Observational studyThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
Emergence of the obesity epidemic: 6-decade visualization with humanoid avatars.
Observational study in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03637855 (Optical Body Composition and Health Assessment), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Optical Body Composition and Health Assessment (Shape Up! Adults) Study
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Avatar generator: a tool for prediction of three-dimensional humanoid avatars from manual anthropometric measurements.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Visual demonstration of weight loss and health risk improvement with a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Article
- The Critical Role of Body Composition Assessment in Advancing Research and Clinical Health Risk Assessment across the Lifespan.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Innovative digital approaches to characterize core factors of patients with late-stage knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Assessing the prevalence of obesity in a Russian adult population by six indices and their associations with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia.International journal of circumpolar health · 2024Article
- Accurate prediction of three-dimensional humanoid avatars for anthropometric modeling.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Article
- Trunk-to-leg volume and appendicular lean mass from a commercial 3-dimensional optical body scanner for disease risk identification.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2024Article
- Accurate Prediction of Three-Dimensional Humanoid Avatars for Anthropometric Modeling.Research square · 2024Article
- Triptolide Administration Alters Immune Responses to Mitigate Insulin Resistance in Obese States.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Accuracy and Precision of 3-dimensional Optical Imaging for Body Composition by Age, BMI, and Ethnicity.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Observational
- Monitoring body composition change for intervention studies with advancing 3D optical imaging technology in comparison to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Humans have a basic physical and psychological need to move the body: Physical activity as a primary drive.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Essential Minerals and Metabolic Adaptation of Immune Cells.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Weight Management for Students with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Qualitative Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Emergence of the adolescent obesity epidemic in the United States: five-decade visualization with humanoid avatars.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2022Observational
- Digital Anthropometry for Body Circumference Measurements: European Phenotypic Variations throughout the Decades.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Review
- What Is aNutrients · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVisualizations of the emerging obesity epidemic, such as with serial US color prevalence maps, provide graphic images that extend informative public health messages beyond those in written communications. Advances in low-cost 3D optical technology now allow for development of large image databases that include participants varying in race/ethnicity, body mass, height, age, and circumferences. When combined with contemporary statistical methods, these data sets can be used to create humanoid avatar images with prespecified anthropometric features.
objectivesThe current study aimed to develop a humanoid avatar series with characteristics of representative US adults extending over the past 6 decades.
methods3D optical scans were conducted on a demographically diverse sample of 570 healthy adults. Image data were converted to principal components and manifold regression equations were then developed with body mass, height, age, and waist circumference as covariates. Humanoid avatars were generated for representative adults with these 4 characteristics as reported in CDC surveys beginning in 1960-1962 up to 2015-2018.
resultsThere was a curvilinear increase in adult US population body mass, waist circumference, and BMI in males and females across the 9 surveys spanning 6 decades. A small increase in average adult population age was present between 1960 and 2018; height changes were inconsistent. A series of 4 avatars developed at ∼20-y intervals for representative males and females reveal the changes in body size and shape consistent with the emergence of the obesity epidemic. An additional series of developed avatars portray the shapes and sizes of males and females at key BMI cutoffs.
conclusionsNew mathematical approaches and accessible 3D optical technology combined with increasingly available large and diverse data sets across the life span now make unique visualization of body size and shape possible on a previously unattainable scale. This study is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03637855 as NCT03637855.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.