ArticleScience advances2022
The genetic identity of the earliest human-made hybrid animals, the kungas of Syro-Mesopotamia.
Article in Science advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamics of Gene and Allelic Expression During Modern Hybrid Maize Breeding.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- The Donkey Genome: From Evolutionary Insights to Sustainable Breeding Strategies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- The Population History of Domestic Sheep Revealed by Paleogenomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Late Neolithic collective burial reveals admixture dynamics during the third millennium BCE and the shaping of the European genome.Science advances · 2024Article
- First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship.Science advances · 2023Article
- Household Rituals and Merchant Caravanners: The Phenomenon of Early Bronze Age Donkey Burials from Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Chip Off the Old Block: Generation, Development, and Ancestral Concepts of Heredity.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
Before the introduction of domestic horses in Mesopotamia in the late third millennium BCE, contemporary cuneiform tablets and seals document intentional breeding of highly valued equids called kungas for use in diplomacy, ceremony, and warfare. Their precise zoological classification, however, has never been conclusively determined. Morphometric analysis of equids uncovered in rich Early Bronze Age burials at Umm el-Marra, Syria, placed them beyond the ranges reported for other known equid species. We sequenced the genomes of one of these ~4500-year-old equids, together with an ~11,000-year-old Syrian wild ass (hemippe) from Göbekli Tepe and two of the last surviving hemippes. We conclude that kungas were F1 hybrids between female domestic donkeys and male hemippes, thus documenting the earliest evidence of hybrid animal breeding.
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