ReviewPharmacology research & perspectives2022
"LONG COVID"-A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy.
Review in Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of rehabilitation interventions for old adults with long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Current status and future perspectives on the mechanistic and pathophysiological understanding of long COVID.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Lingering echoes of SARS-CoV-2: mechanistic insights and management of long COVID syndrome.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Bridging Gaps in Long COVID Therapy: A Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Do Long COVID and COVID Vaccine Side Effects Share Pathophysiological Picture and Biochemical Pathways?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Anxiety Symptom Severity and Implicit and Explicit Self-As-Anxious Associations in a Large Online Sample of U.S. Adults: Trends From 2011 to 2022.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Article
- Role of nutrient supplements in children with post-COVID condition: a retrospective preliminary observation and narrative review.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Vascular Pathogenesis in Acute and Long COVID: Current Insights and Therapeutic Outlook.Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis · 2025Review
- Article
- Neurological post-COVID syndrome is associated with substantial impairment of verbal short-term and working memory.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Long-term Effects of COVID-19 on Sleep PatternsThoracic research and practice · 2025Article
- Dysregulation of lipid metabolism, energy production, and oxidative stress in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War Syndrome and fibromyalgia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Consensus based recommendations for the management of post-COVID long-term sequelae (Long COVID): a regional perspective.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Remote Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Treatment of Long-COVID- and Post-COVID-Related Traumatic Disorders: An Innovative Approach.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Beyond Antivirals: Alternative Therapies for Long COVID.Viruses · 2024Review
- Risk of COVID-19 infection in patients with NSCLC receiving EGFR-TKI targeted therapy during the first wave in China.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- A deep learning drug screening framework for integrating local-global characteristics: A novel attempt for limited data.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review.American journal of medicine open · 2024Article
- Autoantibodies to ACE2 and immune molecules are associated with COVID-19 disease severity.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Persisting Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children with SARS-CoV-2: Temporal Evolution over 18 Months and Possible Role of Lactoferrin.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infection of humans with SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a disease known colloquially as "COVID-19" with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Initial pathology is due to the virus binding to the ACE-2 protein on endothelial cells lining blood vessels and entering these cells in order to replicate. Viral replication causes oxidative stress due to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. Many (~60%) of the infected people appear to have eliminated the virus from their body after 28 days and resume normal activity. However, a significant proportion (~40%) experience a variety of symptoms (loss of smell and/or taste, fatigue, cough, aching pain, "brain fog," insomnia, shortness of breath, and tachycardia) after 12 weeks and are diagnosed with a syndrome named "LONG COVID." Longitudinal clinical studies in a group of subjects who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been compared to a non-infected matched group of subjects. A cohort of infected subjects can be identified by a battery of cytokine markers to have persistent, low level grade of inflammation and often self-report two or more troubling symptoms. There is no drug that will relieve their symptoms effectively. It is hypothesized that drugs that activate the intracellular transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) may increase the expression of enzymes to synthesize the intracellular antioxidant, glutathione that will quench free radicals causing oxidative stress. The hormone melatonin has been identified as an activator of NRF2 and a relatively safe chemical for most people to ingest chronically. Thus, it is an option for consideration of re-purposing studies in "LONG COVID" subjects experiencing insomnia, depression, fatigue, and "brain fog" but not tachycardia. Appropriately designed clinical trials are required to evaluate melatonin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.