ArticleBMC medicine2022
Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in BMC medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Omics Landscape of Long COVID-A Comprehensive Systematic Review to Advance Biomarker, Target and Drug Discovery.Allergy · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 Is Airborne AIDS: Provocative Oversimplification, Emerging Science, or Something in Between?AJPM focus · 2026Review
- Does Timing Matter? Postoperative Risk and the Optimal Timing for Total Joint Arthroplasty Following COVID-19 Infection.Arthroplasty today · 2026Article
- Immunological Mechanisms and Machine Learning Applications in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation After COVID-19: Longitudinal Analysis up to 9 Months.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Endovascular profiles linked to neutrophil activation in children and young adults with long COVID.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Long COVID: Deep single-cell immunophenotyping and machine learning reveal a general signature for fatigue.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- CD56Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Hospital-Treated Infectious Mononucleosis due to EBV: National Register-Based Cohort Study.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Pathogen Profile of Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Wuhan, 2023: A BALF-Based Study.Canadian respiratory journal · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-induced dysregulation in ADAR editing patterns persists post viral clearance in individuals with mild COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- The seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus and its associations with meteorological factors in Hong Kong, 2014-2023.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Risk factors for severe lower respiratory tract infection among children under 5 years of age hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Observational
- From Viral Infection to Malignancy: The Dual Threat of EBV and COVID-19 in Cancer Development.Viruses · 2025Review
- Post-Covid-19 Symptoms in Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2025Article
- Non-Viral Therapy in COVID-19: Where Are We Standing? How Our Experience with COVID May Help Us Develop Cell Therapies for Long COVID Patients.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- In Silico Analysis of Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) Associated SNP rs9367106 Predicts the Molecular Basis of Abnormalities in the Lungs and Brain Functions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Sicily from 2008 to 2021: clinical features and predictors of severity.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Long COVID syndrome in children: neutrophilic granulocyte dysfunction and its correlation with disease severity.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Uncovering the Pathophysiological Pattern of Expression from Integrated Analysis across Uniformly Processed RNA Sequencing COVID-19 Datasets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious respiratory virus which is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is increasingly clear that recovered individuals, even those who had mild COVID-19, can suffer from persistent symptoms for many months after infection, a condition referred to as "long COVID", post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, or post COVID-19 condition. However, despite the plethora of research on COVID-19, relatively little is known about the molecular underpinnings of these long-term effects.
methodsWe have undertaken an integrated analysis of immune responses in blood at a transcriptional, cellular, and serological level at 12, 16, and 24 weeks post-infection (wpi) in 69 patients recovering from mild, moderate, severe, or critical COVID-19 in comparison to healthy uninfected controls. Twenty-one of these patients were referred to a long COVID clinic and > 50% reported ongoing symptoms more than 6 months post-infection.
resultsAnti-Spike and anti-RBD IgG responses were largely stable up to 24 wpi and correlated with disease severity. Deep immunophenotyping revealed significant differences in multiple innate (NK cells, LD neutrophils, CXCR3+ monocytes) and adaptive immune populations (T helper, T follicular helper, and regulatory T cells) in convalescent individuals compared to healthy controls, which were most strongly evident at 12 and 16 wpi. RNA sequencing revealed significant perturbations to gene expression in COVID-19 convalescents until at least 6 months post-infection. We also uncovered significant differences in the transcriptome at 24 wpi of convalescents who were referred to a long COVID clinic compared to those who were not.
conclusionsVariation in the rate of recovery from infection at a cellular and transcriptional level may explain the persistence of symptoms associated with long COVID in some individuals.
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