ArticleBMC veterinary research2022
Assessment of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol as a pain related stress biomarker in dogs pre-and post-operation.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Hemodynamic Stability During Dental Implant Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical implant dentistry and related research · 2026Trial
- Association Between Postoperative Pain and Inflammatory Biomarkers After Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs: A Pilot Study.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Cardiomyopathies of endocrine origin: A state-of-the-art review.World journal of cardiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Alpha-Amylase Activity in Feline Saliva: An Analytical Validation of an Automated Assay for Its Measurement and a Pilot Study on Its Changes Following Acute Stress and Due to Urinary Tract Pathologies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Salivary cortisol is an unreliable correlate of serum cortisol in adult pet dogs and assistance dog puppies.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of hyperthermia combined with opioids on cancer pain control and surgical stress in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Article
- Effect of dog-owner interaction on post-operative pain perception and stress of dogs and variability in their behavioural patterns.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe use of salivary biomarkers has garnered attention because the composition of saliva reflects the body's physiological state. Saliva contains a wide range of components, including peptides, nucleic acids, electrolytes, enzymes, and hormones. It has been reported that salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol are biomarkers of stress related biomarker in diseased dogs; however, evaluation of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol pre- and post- operation has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol levels in dogs before and after they underwent surgery and investigate the association between the salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol activity and pain intensity. For this purpose, a total of 35 dogs with disease-related pain undergoing orthopedic and soft tissue surgeries were recruited. Alpha-amylase and cortisol levels in the dogs' saliva and serum were measured for each using a commercially available canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and physical examinations (measurement of heart rate and blood pressure) were performed. In addition, the dogs' pre- and post-operative pain scores determined using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) were evaluated.
resultsAfter surgery, there was a significant decrease in the dogs' pain scores (0.4-fold for the CMPS-SF, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol levels (0.73-fold, p < 0.01). Based on their pre-operative CMPS-SF scores, the dogs were included in either a high-pain-score group or a low-pain-score group. After the dogs in the high-pain-score group underwent surgical intervention, there was a significant decrease in their CMPS-SF scores and levels of salivary alpha-amylase, serum alpha-amylase, and serum cortisol. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between salivary alpha-amylase levels and CMPS-SF scores in both the high- and low-pain-score groups.
conclusionsThe measurement of salivary alpha amylase can be considered an important non-invasive tool for the evaluation of pain-related stress in dogs.
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