Observational studyCell2022
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in Cell, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 221 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
221citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
15.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
221 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 297 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resolving SARS-CoV-2 CD4Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Heterologous RBMRNA-405 mRNA booster enhances humoral immunity post-inactivated COVID-19 vaccination: a randomized clinical trial in adults and older through 12 months.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of aerosolized adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine and intramuscular mRNA vaccine bivalent boosters: a randomized open-label clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Trivalent recombinant protein vaccine induces cross-neutralization against XBB lineage and JN.1 subvariants: preclinical and phase 1 clinical trials.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Antibody Fc receptor binding and T cell responses to homologous and heterologous immunization with inactivated or mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- T cell immunomonitoring: a comparative analysis of traditional and novel methods to quantify and characterize human antigen-specific T cells.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Entering the Age of Specificity in T Cell Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- The Role of CD4 T Cell Repertoire and Immune Memory Mechanisms in Vaccination and Infection Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The challenge and promise of studying human antigen-specific T cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- A glycan-based adjuvant expands the breadth and duration of protection of mRNA-based vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit distinct pharyngeal mucosal B cell responses in children.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Intranasal vaccine combining adenovirus and trimeric subunit protein provides superior immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- COMBO-RATE: An experimentally validated bioinformatic tool to identify promiscuous HLA restrictions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Systematic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 structural protein-specific T cell epitopes in Omicron infections following inactivated vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Dose-dependent IFN programs in myeloid cells after mRNA and adenovirus COVID-19 vaccination.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Optimal murine CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
161 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
30 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Philip A MuddDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: pmudd@wustl.edu.
Anastasia A MinervinaDepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Mikhail V PogorelyyDepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Jackson S TurnerDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Wooseob KimDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Elizaveta KalaidinaDivision of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Jan PetersenInfection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
Aaron J SchmitzDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Tingting LeiDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Alem HaileClinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Allison M KirkDepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Robert C MettelmanDepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Jeremy Chase CrawfordDepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Thi H O NguyenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
Louise C RowntreeDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
Elisa RosatiInstitute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany.
Katherine A RichardsDavid H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Andrea J SantDavid H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Michael K KlebertClinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Teresa SuessenMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
William D MiddletonMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
SJTRC Study Team
Joshua WolfDepartment of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
Sharlene A TeefeyMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Jane A O'HalloranDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Rachel M PrestiCenter for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Katherine KedzierskaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
Jamie RossjohnInfection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
Paul G ThomasDepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Electronic address: paul.thomas@stjude.org.
Ali H EllebedyCenter for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: ellebedy@wustl.edu.
Washington University in St. Louis · USSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital · USMallinckrodt (United States) · USThe University of Melbourne · AUUniversity of Rochester Medical Center · USAustralian Regenerative Medicine Institute · AUChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · DEInstitute of Infection and Immunity · CA
Funding
COLLABORATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE INNOVATION CENTER: UNIVERSAL INFLUENZA VACCINE RESEARCH75N93019C00051 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KRAMMER, FLORIAN · 2019 to 2025
$105.4MWU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8MNIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00016 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI WEBBY, RICHARD · 2021 to 2025
$91.4MCOVID Supplement - COMPONENT A OF THE COLLABORATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE INNOVATION CENTERS (CIVICS) PROGRAM TO DESIGN AND EVALUATE INNOVATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE APPROACHES,75N93019C00052 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA · PI ROSS, TED · 2019 to 2025
$74.6MHousehold Respiratory Virus SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Immunity Sub-Study (HRTS)U01AI144616 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI GORDON, AUBREE L, THOMAS, PAUL G. · 2019 to 2025
$43.7MDECODING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN T CELL RECEPTORS AND PEPTIDE-MHCR01AI136514 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI Paul G. Thomas · 2018 to 2026
$6.9MDYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA VIRUSESU01AI150747 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI AHMED, RAFI, ANTIA, RUSTOM NOSHIR · 2020 to 2024
$5.9MProgramming Durable Immune Responses To VaccinationU01AI141990 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Ali Hassan Ellebedy · 2019 to 2026
$5.3MA protective role for gamma delta T cells in respiratory infectionR01AI121832 · NIAID · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI THOMAS, PAUL G. · 2016 to 2020
$2.2MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00051NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00052NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00016NIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400006CNIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400008CNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI121832NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI136514NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI141990NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI144616NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI150747
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust anti-spike (S) antibody and CD4
Indexed as
VaccinationAdultB-LymphocytesBNT162 VaccineClone CellsCohort StudiesCOVID-19CytokinesFemaleGerminal CenterHLA-DP beta-ChainsHumansImmunityImmunodominant EpitopesJurkat CellsLymph NodesBNT162 VaccineCytokinesHLA-DPB1 antigenHLA-DP beta-ChainsImmunodominant EpitopesmRNA VaccinesPeptidesReceptors, Antigen, T-CellVaccines, SyntheticCD4(+) T cellCOVID-19human immunologylymph nodemRNA vaccinationSARS-CoV-2TCR repertoireT follicular helper cell
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.