Observational studyPloS one2022
Inpatient COVID-19 mortality has reduced over time: Results from an observational cohort.
Observational study in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Remdesivir to Treat SARS-CoV-2 in Hospitalized Patients: Have the Guidelines Evolved With the Evidence?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Pooled it
- Rehabilitation and COVID-19: systematic review by Cochrane Rehabilitation.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Remdesivir-related cost-effectiveness and cost and resource use evidence in COVID-19: a systematic review.Infection · 2023Pooled it
- Survival analysis and mortality predictors of COVID-19 across the six-wave pattern of the pandemic in Monastir, Tunisia : COVID-19 mortality predictors in Monastir across six waves.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Long COVID among the first three waves of COVID-19 in Japan: a multicentre cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Calcium channel blockers may reduce the development of long COVID in females.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Article
- Cluster analysis of long COVID in Japan and association of its trajectory of symptoms and quality of life.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Identification of differences in the magnitude and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody responses in naturally infected and vaccinated individuals.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- Comparative analysis of mortality in patients admitted with an infection with influenza A/B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus or SARS-CoV-2.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and monoclonal antibodies on outcome post-CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy: an EPICOVIDEHA survey.Blood advances · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Nonpulmonary Critical Illness: Prevalence, Clinical Manifestations, Management, and Outcomes.Clinics in chest medicine · 2023Review
- Identification of differences in the magnitude and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody responses in naturally infected and vaccinated individuals.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- The Dynamics of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratios Predict Progression to Septic Shock and Death in Patients with Prolonged Intensive Care Unit Stay.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Article
- Multi-Omics Reveals Mechanisms of Partial Modulation of COVID-19 Dysregulation by Glucocorticoid Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Effect of intravenous almitrine on intubation or mortality in patients with COVID-19 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and the Kidney: Recent Advances and Controversies.Seminars in nephrology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom has seen two waves; the first starting in March 2020 and the second in late October 2020. It is not known whether outcomes for those admitted with severe Covid were different in the first and second waves.
methodsThe study population comprised all patients admitted to a 1,500-bed London Hospital Trust between March 2020 and March 2021, who tested positive for Covid-19 by PCR within 3-days of admissions. Primary outcome was death within 28-days of admission. Socio-demographics (age, sex, ethnicity), hypertension, diabetes, obesity, baseline physiological observations, CRP, neutrophil, chest x-ray abnormality, remdesivir and dexamethasone were incorporated as co-variates. Proportional subhazards models compared mortality risk between wave 1 and wave 2. Cox-proportional hazard model with propensity score adjustment were used to compare mortality in patients prescribed remdesivir and dexamethasone.
resultsThere were 3,949 COVID-19 admissions, 3,195 hospital discharges and 733 deaths. There were notable differences in age, ethnicity, comorbidities, and admission disease severity between wave 1 and wave 2. Twenty-eight-day mortality was higher during wave 1 (26.1% versus 13.1%). Mortality risk adjusted for co-variates was significantly lower in wave 2 compared to wave 1 [adjSHR 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) p<0.001]. Analysis of treatment impact did not show statistically different effects of remdesivir [HR 0.84 (95%CI 0.65, 1.08), p = 0.17] or dexamethasone [HR 0.97 (95%CI 0.70, 1.35) p = 0.87].
conclusionThere has been substantial improvements in COVID-19 mortality in the second wave, even accounting for demographics, comorbidity, and disease severity. Neither dexamethasone nor remdesivir appeared to be key explanatory factors, although there may be unmeasured confounding present.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.