ArticleEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2022
The evolving landscape of sex-based differences in lung cancer: a distinct disease in women.
Article in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific associations of the bilirubin-to-albumin ratio with lung cancer risk: evidence from Cox regression and causal survival forest analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Sex- and age- specific lung cancer incidence and mortality among Medicaid beneficiaries with and without HIV, 2001-2015.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Female underrepresentation and adverse events reporting biases in lung cancer clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2026Article
- Article
- Charting the blueprint: a bibliometric analysis reveals future strategies in lung cancer targeted therapy (2003-2025).Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Effects of Sex on Mortality in Patients With Lung Cancer: A Multiple Mediation Analysis of The Boston Lung Cancer Study.Clinical lung cancer · 2026Article
- Beyond tobacco: understanding the growing burden of lung adenocarcinoma in women.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Pharmacogenetic landscape of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in Kurdish non-small cell lung cancer patients: implications for precision oncology.Ecancermedicalscience · 2026Article
- The Growing Burden of Early-Onset Lung Cancer in Young Women in China: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in innate immune cell responses: Impact on cancer immunity and response to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Inequity in imaging: Why it matters? A statement from the Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Subcommittee of the European Society of Radiology.Insights into imaging · 2025Article
- Sex differences in gene regulation and its impact on cancer incidence.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Trends in lung cancer and pneumonia-associated mortality in the United States, 1999-2023: A CDC WONDER database study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Emerging Trends in Global Lung Cancer Burden.Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Review
- Let's talk about sex: Survival among females and males in a real-world cohort treated with pembrolizumab for non-small cell lung cancer.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Integrating tumor location into artificial intelligence-based prognostic models in cancer.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Lung Cancer incidence in both sexes across global areas: data from 1978 to 2017 and predictions up to 2035.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Screening for Lung Cancer, Overdiagnosis, and Healthcare Utilization: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in postoperative patient-reported outcomes among lung cancer patients: a multicenter cohort study.BMC cancer · 2025Observational
- Association of Sex with Survival and Adverse Events in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Single-Center Experience in Türkiye.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In stark contrast to a few decades ago when lung cancer was predominantly a disease of men who smoke, incidence rates of lung cancer in women are now comparable to or higher than those in men and are rising alarmingly in many parts of the world. Women face a unique set of risk factors for lung cancer compared to men. These include exogenous exposures including radon, prior radiation, and fumes from indoor cooking materials such as coal, in addition to endogenous exposures such as oestrogen and distinct genetic polymorphisms. Current screening guidelines only address tobacco use and likely underrepresent lung cancer risk in women. Women were also not well represented in some of the landmark prospective studies that led to the development of current screening guidelines. Women diagnosed with lung cancer have a clear mortality benefit compared to men even when other clinical and demographic characteristics are accounted for. However, there may be sex-based differences in outcomes and side effects of systemic therapy, particularly with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Ongoing research is needed to better investigate these differences to address the rapidly changing demographics of lung cancer worldwide.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.