ArticleJournal of virology2022
Coinfection of Chickens with H9N2 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Leads to Emergence of Reassortant H9N9 Virus with Increased Fitness for Poultry and a Zoonotic Potential.
Article in Journal of virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transmission Pathways of Zoonotic Influenza Viruses and Influencing Factors: A Systematic Review of Recent Findings.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
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- LncRNA ckATP1A1-AS1 inhibits influenza A virus replication by mediating innate immune responses and suppressing viral nuclear import.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Pathogen identification and analysis of broiler bronchial obstruction syndrome using high-throughput sequencing technology.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Avian Foxp3 acts as a switch for IL-10 by directly binding the T3G motif: revealing a novel epigenetic modulation paradigm.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Genetic evolution and pathogenicity analysis of two natural recombinant isolates of avian influenza.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Molecular epidemiological characteristics of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in the external environment of western Zhejiang, China, 2014-2025.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Genomic similarity to quantitatively evaluate the reassortment potential of H7N9 with other subtypes of avian influenza viruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus Markedly Enhances the Pathogenicity of Infectious Bronchitis Virus-Infected Chickens.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in a sheep in Great Britain, 2025.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Article
- Recent advances in avian influenza virus: Molecular pathogenesis, emerging strains, and next-generation therapeutics.World journal of virology · 2025Review
- Bivalent Oral Vaccine Using AttenuatedVaccines · 2025Article
- Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells to Zoonotic DNA and RNA Viruses.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Genomic surveillance of influenza A virus in live bird markets during the COVID-19 pandemic.Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Molecular patterns of matrix protein 1 (M1): A strong predictor of adaptive evolution in H9N2 avian influenza viruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Spray vaccination with a safe and bivalent H9N2 recombinant chimeric NDV vector vaccine elicits complete protection against NDV and H9N2 AIV challenge.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- The phylogenetic, pathogenicity and transmission capacity analysis of one H9N2 strain.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- WNV and SLEV coinfection in avian and mosquito hosts: impact on viremia, antibody responses, and vector competence.Journal of virology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
An H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) emerged in 2013 through genetic reassortment between H9N2 and other LPAIVs circulating in birds in China. This virus causes inapparent clinical disease in chickens, but zoonotic transmission results in severe and fatal disease in humans. To examine a natural reassortment scenario between H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses predominant in the Indian subcontinent, we performed an experimental coinfection of chickens with A/Anhui/1/2013/H7N9 (Anhui/13) virus and A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/2008/H9N2 (UDL/08) virus. Plaque purification and genotyping of the reassortant viruses shed via the oropharynx of contact chickens showed H9N2 and H9N9 as predominant subtypes. The reassortant viruses shed by contact chickens also showed selective enrichment of polymerase genes from H9N2 virus. The viable "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having nucleoprotein [NP] and neuraminidase [NA] from H7N9 and the remaining genes from H9N2) was successfully shed from the oropharynx of contact chickens, plus it showed an increased replication rate in human A549 cells and a significantly higher receptor binding to α2,6 and α2,3 sialoglycans compared to H9N2. The reassortant H9N9 virus also had a lower fusion pH, replicated in directly infected ferrets at similar levels compared to H7N9 and transmitted via direct contact. Ferrets exposed to H9N9 via aerosol contact were also found to be seropositive, compared to H7N9 aerosol contact ferrets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that cocirculation of H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses could represent a threat for the generation of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with greater virulence in poultry and a zoonotic potential.
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