ReviewIndustrial psychiatry journal
Psychometric properties of Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence: A systematic review.
Review in Industrial psychiatry journal. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of the EILA application on smoking cessation among hospital workers: a randomised controlled trial.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Trial
- Sex differences in the relationship between quit attempt and smoking cessation self-efficacy in adults with depressive symptoms.Addictive behaviors · 2025Trial
- Efficacy of a Mobile Health App (eMOTIVA) Regarding Compliance With Cardiac Rehabilitation Guidelines in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Trial
- Barriers and facilitators to population-based lung cancer screening in Belgium: a qualitative stakeholder analysis in a pre-implementation context.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Article
- Unconscious effects of addiction-specific attentional bias and the wanting-liking imbalance in smoking: a visual mismatch negativity study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in smoking cue-reactivity in onset phase of smoking behavior, a fMRI study in adolescents.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- The Role of Health Literacy in Cardiometabolic Disease among People with Serious Mental Illness.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Smoking After a Cancer Diagnosis in Brazil: Divergent Perceptions and Awareness of Tobacco-Related Harms Among Patients and Caregivers.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Transdiagnostic Risk Factors for Reasons for Smoking: Evaluating the Concurrent Role of Distress Tolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Nicotine dependence and self-esteem among respiratory therapy students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Role of biochemical markers as adjuncts to the Fagerström test in evaluating nicotine dependence: A retrospective observational study.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Synergistic Effects of Distress Intolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity on Alcohol Use and Related Problems Among Black Adults who Smoke.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Alcohol use in Early Midlife: Findings from the Age 37 Follow-Up Assessment of the FinnTwin12 Cohort.Behavior genetics · 2025Article
- Outcomes of the first adolescent-focused smoking cessation clinic in Türkiye on tobacco control.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Exploring the association between anhedonia and nicotine dependence: A study among female undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- CEASE Tobacco Cessation Program: Validation of Self-Rated Quit with Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Rising Trend of Substance Abuse Among Older Adults: A Review Focusing on Screening and Management.Cureus · 2024Review
- Evaluating the indirect roles of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the relations between negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress and cigarette smoking among Hispanic adults who smoke.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is a widely used test for assessing physical nicotine dependence. However, there is a need to assess the psychometric properties of FTND to assess its role in treatment outcome studies. The aim of the present investigation was to review the psychometric properties of the FTND. A broad systematic literature search was performed from Pubmed and PsycINFO from 2000 to 2019. The publication language was limited to English. Two review authors performed the study selection and extracted the data. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Rayyan software used to screen relevant studies. A total of 1471 articles retrieved from the search, of which 33 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies related to testing the reliability of the FTND were analyzed. Twenty-five studies evaluated the Cronbach alpha of the test. Analysis of the studies revealed the questionable psychometric qualities of the adapted versions of the test across different cultures and ethnicity. It also suggested that it may not tap the appropriate constructs that would predict smoking patterns in light smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and smokeless tobacco users. Thus, further research must focus on improving the psychometric properties of FTND to enhance the measurement of nicotine dependence.
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