ArticleBMJ open2022
Prevalence and risk factors of depression symptoms among rural and urban populations affected by Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a representative cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of stigma reduction interventions and outbreak response adaptations in infectious disease outbreaks: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Scales for Measuring Infectious Disease-Related Stigma.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Depressive disorder at the household level: prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among household members.Global health action · 2023Trial
- Psychosocial impact of Marburg virus disease on recovered individuals and frontline health workers in Rwanda: a cross-sectional survey.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Ebola Virus Disease and Pediatric Mental Health: Long-Term Mediating Effects of Caregiver Mental Health.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prevalence and moderators of depression symptoms among black individuals in Western Countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis among 1.3 million people in 421 studies.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Mpox-HIV co-infection in the mpox treatment centre in Kokolo Health District, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, November 2024 to March 2025.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Mental health outcomes, literacy and service provision in low- and middle-income settings: a systematic review of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Npj mental health research · 2024Review
- Prevalence and determinants of anxiety, depression and comorbid anxiety-depression symptoms among adolescents in Ebola-affected zones.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Addressing stigma in infectious disease outbreaks: a crucial step in pandemic preparedness.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Depressive symptoms and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia, 2022: an institution-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Severe Anxiety and PTSD Symptoms Among Ebola Virus Disease Survivors and Healthcare Workers in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Eastern DR Congo.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesHigh mortality rates, anxiety and distress associated with Ebola virus disease (EVD) are risk factors for mood disorders in affected communities. This study aims to document the prevalence and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms among a representative sample of individuals affected by EVD.
designCross-sectional study.
settingThe current study was conducted 7 months (March 11, 2019 to April 23, 2019) after the end of the ninth outbreak of EVD in the province of Equateur in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
participantsA large population-based sample of 1614 adults (50% women, M PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed questionnaires assessing EVD exposure level, stigmatisation related to EVD and depressive symptoms. The ORs associated with sociodemographic data, EVD exposure level and stigmatisation were analysed through logistic regressions.
resultsOverall, 62.03% (95% CI 59.66% to 64.40%) of individuals living in areas affected by EVD were categorised as having severe depressive symptoms. The multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that adults in the two higher score categories of exposure to EVD were at two times higher risk of developing severe depressive symptoms (respectively, OR 1.94 (95% CI 1.22 to 3.09); OR 2.34 (95% CI 1.26 to 4.34)). Individuals in the two higher categories of stigmatisation were two to four times more at risk (respectively, OR 2.42 (95% CI 1.53 to 3.83); OR 4.73 (95% CI 2.34 to 9.56)). Living in rural areas (OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.38)) and being unemployed (OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.93)) increased the likelihood of having severe depressive symptoms.
conclusionsResults indicate that depressive symptoms in EVD affected populations is a major public health problem that must be addressed through culturally adapted mental health programs.
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