ArticleEnvironmental research2022
Prenatal exposure to a mixture of organochlorines and metals and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence.
Article in Environmental research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Joint associations between gestational environmental chemical mixtures and child behavioral outcomes.Environment international · 2026Article
- Blood Lead Concentrations and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Childhood.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Prenatal and childhood exposures to heavy metals and their associations with child cognition, motor skills, behaviour and mental health.Essays in biochemistry · 2025Review
- Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and emotional and behavioral outcomes from early childhood to adolescence: Rhea Cohort Study in Crete, Greece.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Neurobehavioral effects of low dose exposure to chemical mixtures: a review.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- Foreign Contaminants Target Brain Health.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2025Review
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- Action against inequalities: a synthesis of social justice & equity, diversity, inclusion frameworks.International journal for equity in health · 2024Review
- New approach methods to assess developmental and adult neurotoxicity for regulatory use: a PARC work package 5 project.Frontiers in toxicology · 2024Article
- Associations of Prenatal Chemical and Nonchemical Stressors with Early-Adulthood Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Environmental chemical exposures and mental health outcomes in children: a narrative review of recent literature.Frontiers in toxicology · 2023Review
- Associations between a metal mixture and infant negative affectivity: Effect modification by prenatal cortisol and infant sex.Child developmentArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough prenatal chemical exposures influence neurobehavior, joint exposures are not well explored as risk factors for internalizing disorders through adolescence.
objectiveTo evaluate associations of prenatal organochlorine and metal exposures, considered individually and as a mixture, with mid-childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms.
methodsParticipants were 468 children from a prospective cohort recruited at birth (1993-1998) in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Organochlorines (hexachlorobenzene, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenyls) and metals (lead, manganese) were analyzed in cord blood. Internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depressive, somatic) were assessed via multiple informants on the Conners' Rating Scale (CRS) at 8-years and Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) at 15-years; higher T-scores indicate greater symptoms. Overall and sex-specific covariate-adjusted associations were evaluated using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and five-chemical linear regression models.
resultsThe cohort was socioeconomically diverse (35% household income <$20,000; 55% maternal ≤ high school education at birth). Most chemical concentrations were consistent with background levels [e.g., median (range) cord blood lead: 1.1 (0-9.4) μg/dL]. BKMR suggested linear associations and no interactions between chemicals. The overall mixture was positively associated with Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) and BASC-2 Self Report of Personality (SRP) anxiety and depressive symptoms, and negatively with somatic symptoms. Prenatal lead was positively associated with adolescent anxiety symptoms [1.56 (95% CI: 0.50, 2.61) BASC-2 SRP Anxiety score increase per doubling lead]. For CRPS and BASC-2 SRP, a doubling of cord blood manganese was positively associated with internalizing symptoms for girls [e.g., 3.26 (95% CI: 0.27, 6.25) BASC-2 SRP Depression score increase], but not boys. Organochlorine exposures were not adversely associated with internalizing symptoms. DISCUSSION: Low-level prenatal lead exposure was positively associated with adolescent anxiety symptoms, and prenatal manganese exposure was positively associated with internalizing symptoms for girls from mid-childhood through adolescence. In utero neurotoxicant metal exposures may contribute to the emergence of anxiety and depression.
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