Observational studyAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2022
Clinical features, investigations, and outcomes of pediatric limbic encephalitis: A multicenter study.
Observational study in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice-Evidence-Based Approach From the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Tenth Special Issue.Journal of clinical apheresis · 2026Guideline
- Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Anticonvulsive treatment in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic literature review.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2024Pooled it
- [Cognitive and psychiatric evolution in autoimmune encephalitis in a school-aged child: Clinical case].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Article
- Phenotypic and oncological insights in ANNA1 autoimmunity: Age stratification and biomarker analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Seizure Outcomes in Antibody-Positive Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Higher incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in probable antibody-negative pediatric autoimmune encephalitis than in major antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Review
- The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo describe the clinical presentation, investigations, management, and disease course in pediatric autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE).
methodsIn this retrospective observational study, from the UK Childhood Neuroinflammatory Disease network, we identified children from six tertiary centers with LE <18 years old between 2008 and 2021. Clinical and paraclinical data were retrieved from medical records.
resultsTwenty-five children fulfilling LE criteria were identified, with median age of 11 years (IQR 8, 14) and median follow-up of 24 months (IQR 18, 48). All children presented with seizures; 15/25 (60%) were admitted to intensive care. Neuroimaging demonstrated asymmetric mesial temporal changes in 8/25 (32%), and extra-limbic changes with claustrum involvement in 9/25 (38%). None were positive for LGI1/CASPR2 antibodies (Abs), 2/25 were positive for serum anti-NMDAR Abs, and 2/15 positive for anti-Hu Abs; one died from relapsing neuroblastoma. Two children had serum and CSF anti-GAD antibodies. Initial immune therapy included steroids in 23/25 (92%), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in 14/25 (56%), and plasma exchange in 7/25 (28%). The commonest second-line treatment was rituximab in 15/25 (60%). Median duration of hospital admission was 21 days (IQR 11, 30). At last follow-up, 13/25 (52%) had refractory seizures and 16/25 (64%) had memory impairment. Six children (24%) had modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores ≥3. There was no significant difference in mRS, or long-term cognitive and epilepsy outcomes in those who received rituximab versus those who did not.
interpretationA diagnosis of autoimmune LE was associated with significant morbidity and adverse outcomes in this pediatric cohort.
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