ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
The Exoscope in Neurosurgery: An Overview of the Current Literature of Intraoperative Use in Brain and Spine Surgery.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exoscope versus microscope in spine surgery: A meta-analysis based on procedure-specific subgroup analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- Prospective evaluation of the VITOM 3D exoscope in ear surgery compared with surgical microscopes: part II-optical performance, handling, workload and ergonomics.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Trial
- Practical Indications and Intraoperative Contribution of Neuroendoscopic Assistance During Exoscopic Skull Base Surgery: A Single-Center Experience.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Comparison of Exoscopic and Microscopic Carotid Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Retrospective Study.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2026Article
- Microscopic vs. exoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for rathke's cleft cyst- a retrospective single center study.Neurosurgical review · 2026Article
- Review
- Exoscope-assisted spine surgery: Insights from orthopedic and neurosurgical teams through a survey.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- Simulation speeds up adaptation to the 3D exoscope: a randomized controlled trial.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- Parieto-occipital interhemispheric transtentorial resection of a falcotentorial solitary fibrous tumor using a 3D-4K exoscope: Technical nuances and illustrative case.Surgical neurology international · 2026Article
- Exoscopic Visualization for Transorbital Surgery: Preliminary Anatomical and Clinical Validation Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Workflow for the Creation of 3D Stereoscopic Models of Supra- and Infratentorial Brain Venous Anatomy and their Integration in a Virtual Reality Environment.Neuroinformatics · 2025Article
- Surgical Outcomes of Craniocervical Junction Fractures in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center Series.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- From the Infratentorial to the Supratentorial Compartment with a Minimally Invasive Exoscope-Guided Suboccipital Craniectomy: A Case Report and Technical Notes.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Optimizing patient positioning for exoscopic cranial surgery.Neurosurgical focus: Video · 2025Article
- Craniotomy Complexity and Outcomes in Exoscope-Assisted Cranial Surgery: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Enhancing submandibular gland resection: A retrospective study on the efficacy of the ORBEYE 3D exoscope.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2025Article
- Exoscopes in Neurosurgery: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis.Asian journal of neurosurgery · 2025Review
- Exoscope-Assisted Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review From Basic to Complex Pathologies.Cureus · 2025Review
- Video gaming facilitates adaptation to surgical exoscopes - a laboratory experiment.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
- Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExoscopes are a safe and effective alternative or adjunct to the existing binocular surgical microscope for brain tumor, skull base surgery, aneurysm clipping and both cervical and lumbar complex spine surgery that probably will open a new era in the field of new tools and techniques in neurosurgery.
methodsA Pubmed and Ovid EMBASE search was performed to identify papers that include surgical experiences with the exoscope in neurosurgery. PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) were followed.
resultsA total of 86 articles and 1711 cases were included and analyzed in this review. Among 86 papers included in this review 74 (86%) were published in the last 5 years. Out of 1711 surgical procedures, 1534 (89.6%) were performed in the operative room, whereas 177 (10.9%) were performed in the laboratory on cadavers. In more detail, 1251 (72.7%) were reported as brain surgeries, whereas 274 (16%) and 9 (0.5%) were reported as spine and peripheral nerve surgeries, respectively. Considering only the clinical series (40 studies and 1328 patients), the overall surgical complication rate was 2.6% during the use of the exoscope. These patients experienced complication profiles similar to those that underwent the same treatments with the OM. The overall switch incidence rate from exoscope to OM during surgery was 5.8%.
conclusionsThe exoscope seems to be a safe alternative compared to an operative microscope for the most common brain and spinal procedures, with several advantages that have been reached, such as an easier simplicity of use and a better 3D vision and magnification of the surgical field. Moreover, it offers the opportunity of better interaction with other members of the surgical staff. All these points set the first step for subsequent and short-term changes in the field of neurosurgery and offer new educational possibilities for young neurosurgery and medical students.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.