ArticleNutrients2021
Vitamin D Deficiency Is Significantly Associated with Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D status and its association with diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- The serum vitamin D status in adults with diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2026Article
- Diabetic retinopathy: why some eyes suffer more - a focus on retina-specific risk factors and metabolic memory.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Association of Serum Vitamin D With Macular Microvascular Structure in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Without Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Observational
- Review
- Optimizing serum 25(OH)D levels to mitigate the risk of age-related ocular diseases: insights from a large-scale prospective cohort study.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Review
- The controversial role of nutraceuticals vs. drugs in proliferative retinopathies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Vitamin D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Deficiency as a Risk Factor for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in Tibet: a cross-sectional analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Article
- Serum vitamin D is substantially reduced and predicts flares in diabetic retinopathy patients.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Observational
- Effect of High-Sucrose Diet on the Occurrence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dietary Modification Strategies.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Effect of trace elements and nutrients on diabetes and its complications: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The Roles of Vitamins in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Monocyte/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Predicts Vitamin D Deficiency in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimResults from meta-analyses point to an association between vitamin D deficiency and the onset of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the association of vitamin D for the development of DR and to determine the levels of vitamin D associated with a greater risk of DR.
methodsBetween November 2013 and February 2015, we performed a case-control study based on a sample of patients with diabetes in Spain. The study population comprised all patients who had at least one evaluable electroretinogram and recorded levels of 25(OH)D. We collected a series of analytical data: 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, iPTH, calcium, albumin, and HbA1c. Glycemic control was evaluated on the basis of the mean HbA1c values for the period 2009-2014. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables associated with DR.
resultsThe final study sample comprised 385 patients, of which 30 (7.8%) had DR. Significant differences were found between patients with and without DR for age (69.54 vs. 73.43), HbA1c (6.68% vs. 7.29%), years since diagnosis of diabetes (10.9 vs. 14.17), level of 25(OH)D (20.80 vs. 15.50 ng/mL), level of 1,25(OH)2D (35.0 vs. 24.5 pg/mL), treatment with insulin (14.9% vs. 56.7%), hypertension (77.7% vs. 100%), cardiovascular events (33.2% vs. 53.3%), and kidney failure (22.0% vs. 43.3%). In the multivariate analysis, the factors identified as independent risk factors for DR were treatment of diabetes (
conclusionsLevels of 25(OH)D and treatment of diabetes were significantly associated with DR after adjusting for other risk factors. Combined levels of 25(OH)D < 16 ng/mL and levels of 1,25(OH)2D < 29 pg/mL are the variables that best predict the risk of having DR with respect to vitamin D deficiency. The risk factor with the strongest association was the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was particularly true for patients receiving insulin, who had a greater risk of DR than those receiving insulin analogues. However, further studies are necessary before a causal relationship can be established.
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