Trial reportInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick?
Trial report in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- A new idea in skill acquisition of children: coordinating motor competence with motor learning strategies.BMC pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Comparing the Effects of Differential Learning, Self-Controlled Feedback, and External Focus of Attention Training on Biomechanical Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Enhancing Motor Competence in Rhythmic Gymnastics: Effects of the Overlapping Waves Strategy in School-Based Physical Education.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Effect of Contextual Interference and Differential Learning on Motor Skill Development and Motivation in Novice Basketball Players.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- The effects of different focus cues and motor learning strategies on landing mechanics in male handball players.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Acute effects of motor learning models on technical efficiency in strength-coordination exercises: a comparative analysis of Olympic snatch biomechanics in beginners.Biology of sport · 2025Article
- Differential shooting training in youth basketball players: an analysis of performance effects.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Comparing the Effects of Differential and Visuo-Motor Training on Functional Performance, Biomechanical, and Psychological Factors in Athletes after ACL Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Investigating the Effects of Differential Learning on Golfers' Pitching Performance as a Function of Handicap.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Learning Multiple Movements in Parallel-Accurately and in Random Order, or Each with Added Noise?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: How to optimally promote the process of acquiring and learning a new motor skill is still one of the fundamental questions often raised in training and movement science, rehabilitation, and physical education. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of differential learning (DL) and the elements of OPTIMAL theory on learning a goal-kicking skill in futsal, especially under the conditions of external and internal foci. (2) Methods: A total of 40 female beginners were randomly assigned to, and equally distributed among, five different interventions. Within a pretest and post-test design, with retention and transfer tests, participants practiced for 12 weeks, involving two 20-min sessions per week. The tests involved a kicking skill test. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences with large effect sizes were found between differential learning (DL) with an external focus, DL with an internal focus, DL with no focus, traditional training with an external focus, and traditional training with control groups in the post-, retention, and transfer tests. (4) Conclusions: The results indicate the clear advantages of DL. It is well worth putting further efforts into investigating a more differentiated application of instructions combined with exercises for DL.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.