ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Metformin Repurposing for Parkinson Disease Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Gut-Brain Axis: A Critical Link between Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's disease.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Exploring the impacts of type 2 diabetes and metformin use on Parkinson's disease: Mendelian randomization analysis and a national cohort study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Metformin versus DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of parkinsonism in type 2 diabetes: an active-comparator cohort study with a landmark design.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Repurposing Antidiabetic Medications for Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Biomarker Strategies for Disease Modification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Research progress on the α-synuclein-lysosome axis in Parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation, autophagy dysfunction, and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- "Rewiring brain immunity: targeting microglial metabolism for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders".Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Metformin Inhibits Microglial Activation-Mediated Cuproptosis by Modulating the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Targeting of the PI3 K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: A Therapeutic Blueprint.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- SGLT2 inhibitors vs. metformin for Parkinson's disease risk reduction in type 2 diabetes.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025 · on this mapObservational
- Protective Effects of PACAP in Diabetic Complications: Retinopathy, Nephropathy and Neuropathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Metformin as a potential neuroprotective agent that influence Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Neuroprotective effects of semaglutide and metformin against rotenone-induced neurobehavioral changes in male diabetic rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Caloric Restriction Mimetics as Priming Agents of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome to Enhance Regenerative Responses to Parkinson's Disease.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Overview of Metformin and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Metformin's Effects on Cognitive Function from a Biovariance Perspective: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Targeting Ferroptosis in Parkinson's: Repurposing Diabetes Drugs as a Promising Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The role and mechanism of HMGB1-mediated Notch1/Hes-1 pathway in anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice with chronic rhinosinusitis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Development of novel osteoarthritis therapy by targeting AMPK-β-catenin-Runx2 signaling.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- Exploring Novel Therapeutic Avenues: Drug Repurposing for Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders.Current drug research reviews · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that affects around 2% of the population over 65 years old. It is characterized by the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, resulting in motor disabilities of the patients. At present, only symptomatic cures are available, without suppressing disease progression. In this frame, the anti-diabetic drug metformin has been investigated as a potential disease modifier for PD, being a low-cost and generally well-tolerated medication, which has been successfully used for decades in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the precise mechanisms of action of metformin being not fully elucidated, the drug has been known to influence many cellular pathways that are associated with PD pathology. In this review, we present the evidence in the literature supporting the neuroprotective role of metformin, i.e., autophagy upregulation, degradation of pathological α-synuclein species, and regulation of mitochondrial functions. The epidemiological studies conducted in diabetic patients under metformin therapy aimed at evaluating the correlation between long-term metformin consumption and the risk of developing PD are also discussed. Finally, we provide an interpretation for the controversial results obtained both in experimental models and in clinical studies, thus providing a possible rationale for future investigations for the repositioning of metformin for PD therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.