ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
COVID-19: Immunohistochemical Analysis of TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Expression Analysis of Selected miRNAs in COVID-19 Patients.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- The role of alveolar epithelial junctions in early lung injury and COVID-19-induced fibrosis.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2026Article
- Effect of humic acid supplementation on lamb gastrointestinal health and performance.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Pulmonary fibrosis in post-COVID-19: epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a key mechanism and target for therapy.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Longitudinal trajectories of hematological indices and serum metalloproteinases-2 and 9 over 1 year after moderate and severe COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Comparative progress on the mechanisms of airway mucosal injury induced by different pathogens: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Integrated Mendelian Randomization and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analyses Reveal Lactate Metabolism as a Key Pathway in COVID-19-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis.Canadian respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Pulmonary sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review of long-term functional, radiological, and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 survivors, with a regional focus on Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- The long reach of influenza and other respiratory viruses: from acute epithelial injury to post-viral lung disease.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Markers in Post Mortem Lung Biopsies from COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Severity-specific immune landscape of COVID-19 revealed by single-cell sequencing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- [Therapeutic mechanism ofNan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025Article
- The Effect of COVID-19 on Platelet Counts in Persistent and Chronic Adult ITP Patients: A Real-World Study in China.EJHaem · 2025Article
- Determination of both the expression and serum levels of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β1 genes in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Presence and Evolution of Radiological Changes at 6 and 12 Months After COVID-19 Pneumonia and Their Risk Factors.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Lung macrophages in pulmonary homeostasis and disease: from basic biology to clinical applications.Central-European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Prospects for the Protective Mechanisms and Compounds of Bufei Huoxue Capsule against COVID-19 Convalescence: Evaluation of Integrating UHPLC-HRMS Analysis and Network Pharmacology Strategy.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Article
- DsbA-L activates TGF-β1/SMAD3 signaling and M2 macrophage polarization by stimulating AKT1 and NLRP3 to promote pulmonary fibrosis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Unraveling the pathogenic interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and polycystic ovary syndrome using bioinformatics and experimental validation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) followed by repair with lung remodeling is observed in COVID-19. These findings can lead to pulmonary terminal fibrosis, a form of irreversible sequelae. There is evidence that TGF-β is intimately involved in the fibrogenic process. When activated, TGF-β promotes the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and regulates the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this sense, the present study evaluated the histopathological features and immunohistochemical biomarkers (ACE-2, AKT-1, Caveolin-1, CD44v6, IL-4, MMP-9, α-SMA, Sphingosine-1, and TGF-β1 tissue expression) involved in the TGF-β1 signaling pathways and pulmonary fibrosis. The study consisted of 24 paraffin lung samples from patients who died of COVID-19 (COVID-19 group), compared to 10 lung samples from patients who died of H1N1pdm09 (H1N1 group) and 11 lung samples from patients who died of different causes, with no lung injury (CONTROL group). In addition to the presence of alveolar septal fibrosis, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) was found to be significantly increased in the COVID-19 group, associated with a higher density of Collagen I (mature) and III (immature). There was also a significant increase observed in the immunoexpression of tissue biomarkers ACE-2, AKT-1, CD44v6, IL-4, MMP-9, α-SMA, Sphingosine-1, and TGF-β1 in the COVID-19 group. A significantly lower expression of Caveolin-1 was also found in this group. The results suggest the participation of TGF-β pathways in the development process of pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, it would be plausible to consider therapy with TGF-β inhibitors in those patients recovered from COVID-19 to mitigate a possible development of pulmonary fibrosis and its consequences for post-COVID-19 life quality.
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Registered trials
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