ReviewCancers2021
Orbital Metastases: A Systematic Review of Clinical Characteristics, Management Strategies, and Treatment Outcomes.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Surgical Management of Craniovertebral Junction Schwannomas: A Systematic Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2022Pooled it
- Metastases in the Pineal Region: A Systematic Review of Clinical Features, Management Strategies, and Survival Outcomes.World neurosurgery · 2022Pooled it
- Orbital and skull metastases as the initial presentation of lung adenocarcinoma harbouring a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.BMJ case reports · 2026Article
- Survival outcomes after orbital exenteration for recurrent or previously treated orbital malignancies: impact of margin status and metastatic spread.Oral and maxillofacial surgery · 2026Article
- Bilateral invasive lobular breast carcinoma with synchronous gastric metastasis and orbital pseudotumor mimicking metastasis: a case report.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Ocular adnexal lymphomas: A comprehensive review with emphasis on histopathologic and magnetic resonance imaging appearance.Histology and histopathology · 2026Review
- Pediatric orbital masses from a tertiary pediatric oncology referral center: clinical characteristics and survival outcomes from a 20-year single-center experience.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Multimodal imaging evaluation and management of orbital metastasis: experience at a single institution.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- What the Eyelid Can Tell You: The Unexpected Initial Presentation of De Novo Stage IV Breast Carcinoma.Journal of cutaneous pathology · 2026Article
- Triple Negative Breast Cancer With Choroidal Metastasis Responsive to Sacituzumab Govitecan and Radiation Therapy.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- A Case of a Metastatic Tumor to the Extraocular Muscles from Endometrial Carcinoma.NMC case report journal · 2026Article
- Outcomes of malignant orbital tumors: a 22-year Norwegian single-center series.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Article
- Prognostic Insights into Orbital Metastases: A Comprehensive Analysis of Clinical Features and Survival Outcomes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Orbital metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma: rare cause of exophthalmos in chronic liver disease.Journal of liver cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Delayed Retrobulbar Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Therapeutic Outcomes and Practical Insights.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Orbital metastasis in advanced gallbladder and biliary tract malignancy.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Orbital metastasis of renal cell carcinoma masquerading as thyroid ophthalmopathy.Radiology case reports · 2025Article
- From Vision Changes to Hospice: The Rapid Progression of Orbital Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cureus · 2025Article
- Prostate Cancer With Orbital Metastasis.Cureus · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOrbital metastases often lead to severe functional impairment. The role of resection, orbital exenteration, and complementary treatments is still debated. We systematically reviewed the literature on orbital metastases.
methodsPubMed, Scopus, Web-of-Science, and Cochrane were searched upon PRISMA guidelines to identify studies on orbital metastases. Clinical characteristics, management strategies, and survival were analyzed.
resultsWe included 262 studies comprising 873 patients. Median age was 59 years. The most frequent primary tumors were breast (36.3%), melanoma (10.1%), and prostate (8.5%) cancers, with median time interval of 12 months (range, 0-420). The most common symptoms were proptosis (52.3%) and relative-afferent-pupillary-defect (38.7%). Most metastases showed a diffuse location within the orbit (19%), with preferential infiltration of orbital soft tissues (40.2%). In 47 cases (5.4%), tumors extended intracranially. Incisional biopsy (63.7%) was preferred over fine-needle aspiration (10.2%), with partial resection (16.6%) preferred over complete (9.5%). Orbital exenteration was pursued in 26 patients (3%). A total of 305 patients (39.4%) received chemotherapy, and 506 (58%) received orbital radiotherapy. Post-treatment symptom improvement was significantly superior after resection (
conclusionsOrbital metastases severely impair patient quality of life. Surgical resection safely provides symptom and survival benefit compared to biopsy, while orbital radiotherapy significantly improves symptoms compared to not receiving radiotherapy.
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