ArticleFrontiers in sociology2021
The Gender Pay Gap: Income Inequality Over Life Course - A Multilevel Analysis.
Article in Frontiers in sociology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relevance of prematurity and foetal growth restriction for romantic relationships, health-risk behaviours, and socio-economic outcomes in adulthood.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Gender-specific sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with frailty status among Korean older adults.PloS one · 2026Article
- Household-income trajectories and mental health inequalities in Germany before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a quasi-experimental panel study.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- A national longitudinal dyadic analysis of spousal education and cognitive decline in the United States.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Does Adulthood Socioeconomic Status Predict Subsequent Telomere Length in Racially and Ethnically Diverse Women?Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2024Article
- Determinants of individual income in EU countries: implications for social policy targeting.Frontiers in sociology · 2023Article
- Exploring the concepts of decent work through the lens of SDG 8: addressing challenges and inadequacies.Frontiers in sociology · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. Moreover, the study examines how human capital determinants, occupational positions and factors that accumulate disadvantages over time contribute to the explanation of the GPG in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the GPG over the life course. The data are based on the German cohort study lidA (living at work), which links survey data individually with employment register data. Based on social security data, the income of men and women over time are analyzed using a multilevel analysis. The results show that the GPG exists in Germany over the life course: men have a higher daily average income per year than women. In addition, the income developments of men rise more sharply than those of women over time. Moreover, even after controlling for factors potentially explaining the GPG like education, work experience, occupational status or unemployment episodes the GPG persists. Concluding, further research is required that covers additional factors like individual behavior or information about the labor market structure for a better understanding of the GPG.
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