ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in a Real-World Setting.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines for COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Immunogenicity, Current Development, and Future Prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine, WIBP-CorV, in Healthy Children: Interim Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Phase 1/2 Trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Booster mRNA Vaccination Prevents Breakthrough Severe COVID-19 Infections.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Production Optimization, Adjuvant Screening and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Virus-like Vesicle Rabies Vaccine.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Patterns and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among college students at Indiana University-Bloomington.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Human T Cell Responses to Flavivirus Vaccines.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine TURKOVAC induces durable humoral and cellular immune responses up to 8 months.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Immunoreactivity Analysis of MHC-I Epitopes Derived from the Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS-CoV-2 via Computation and Vaccination.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Impact of Vaccination Time on Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels in Adults: A Quasi-experimental Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- Review
- Changes in Phenotypic and Molecular Features of Naïve and Central Memory T Helper Cell Subsets following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2024Article
- The Protection Level of S-RBD SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G Antibodies Using the Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Compared to the Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Method.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparison of long-term anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibody response following different vaccination schemes in Tunisia.La Tunisie medicale · 2024Article
- A Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection.Vaccines · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized in several well-conducted clinical trials, real-world evidence concerning immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) raised by such vaccines is currently missing. Here, we comprehensively characterized various parameters of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in 126 individuals under real-world conditions. After two doses of vaccination, S-receptor binding domain IgG (S-RBD IgG) and neutralizing antibody (NAb) were detected in 87.06% (74/85) and 78.82% (67/85) of individuals, respectively. Female participants developed higher concentrations of S-RBD IgG and NAb compared to male vaccinees. Interestingly, a longer dosing interval between the first and second vaccination resulted in a better long-term SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG response. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells that produce effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) in response to stimulation with peptide pools corresponding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) or membrane (M) protein were significantly higher in individuals received two doses of vaccine than those received one dose of vaccine and unvaccinated individuals. S, N, or M-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were detectable in 95.83% (69/72) and 54.16% (39/72) of double-vaccinated individuals, respectively. The longitudinal analysis demonstrated that CD4+ T cell responses recognizing S, N, and M waned quickly after a single vaccine dose, but were boosted and became more sustained following a second dose. Overall, we provide a comprehensive characterization of immune responses induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in real-world settings, suggesting that both humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity are elicited in the majority of individuals after two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.