ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Rubella Virus Infected Macrophages and Neutrophils Define Patterns of Granulomatous Inflammation in Inborn and Acquired Errors of Immunity.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is curative in CARMIL2 deficiency.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- RhoB supports rubella infection and impairs endothelial barrier integrity through downstream ROCK signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Sporotrichoid presentation of rubella-associated granulomatous dermatitis.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Rubella-associated granulomatous inflammation presenting as subcutaneous nodules in the lower extremities.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- TAP-I Deficiency Presenting With Chronic Granulomatous Rubella Virus-Driven Cutaneous Ulceration: A Case Report and Scoping Literature Review.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Current infectious disease management challenges in inborn errors of immunity.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2025Review
- Serological diagnosis of chronic skin granulomas caused by wild-type or vaccine-derived rubella virus in patients with inherited HLA class I deficiency.Journal of human immunity · 2025Article
- Gene Expression Factors Associated with Rubella-Specific Humoral Immunity After a Third MMR Vaccine Dose.Viruses · 2025Article
- Clinical and immunological spectrum of MHC class I deficiency: insights from a long-term cohort with two novel mutations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Rubella virus-associated granulomas controlled with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Rubella virus-associated cutaneous granulomatous disease in an immunocompetent woman.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Article
- Rubella virus chronic inflammatory disease and other unusual viral phenotypes in inborn errors of immunity.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Case report: Rubella virus-associated cutaneous granuloma in an adult with TAP1 deficiency.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Monogenic Inborn Errors of Immunity with impaired IgG response to polysaccharide antigens but normal IgG levels and normal IgG response to protein antigens.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Cutaneous granulomas associated with rubella virus: A clinical review.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2024Review
- Surveillance for rubella virus in samples obtained from non-immunodeficient individuals.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2024Article
- Rubella virus-associated necrotizing neutrophilic granuloma in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency.Journal of cutaneous pathology · 2023Article
- Rubella virus tropism and single-cell responses in human primary tissue and microglia-containing organoids.eLife · 2023Article
- Refractory, fatal autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to ineffective thymic-derived T-cell reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for hypomorphic RAG1 deficiency.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2023Article
- Nature and nurture: understanding phenotypic variation in inborn errors of immunity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
40 authors at 20 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) has recently been found in association with granulomatous inflammation of the skin and several internal organs in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). The cellular tropism and molecular mechanisms of RuV persistence and pathogenesis in select immunocompromised hosts are not clear. We provide clinical, immunological, virological, and histological data on a cohort of 28 patients with a broad spectrum of IEI and RuV-associated granulomas in skin and nine extracutaneous tissues to further delineate this relationship. Combined immunodeficiency was the most frequent diagnosis (67.8%) among patients. Patients with previously undocumented conditions, i.e., humoral immunodeficiencies, a secondary immunodeficiency, and a defect of innate immunity were identified as being susceptible to RuV-associated granulomas. Hematopoietic cell transplantation was the most successful treatment in this case series resulting in granuloma resolution; steroids, and TNF-α and IL-1R inhibitors were moderately effective. In addition to M2 macrophages, neutrophils were identified by immunohistochemical analysis as a novel cell type infected with RuV. Four patterns of RuV-associated granulomatous inflammation were classified based on the structural organization of granulomas and identity and location of cell types harboring RuV antigen. Identification of conditions that increase susceptibility to RuV-associated granulomas combined with structural characterization of the granulomas may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of RuV-associated granulomas and discover new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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