ArticleFrontiers in psychology2021
"Mine Works Better": Examining the Influence of Embodiment in Virtual Reality on the Sense of Agency During a Binary Motor Imagery Task With a Brain-Computer Interface.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploratory Investigation of Motor and Psychophysiological Outcomes Following VR-Based Motor Training with Augmented Sensory Feedback for a Pilot Cohort with Spinal Cord Injury.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Recommendations for Combining Brain-Computer Interface, Motor Imagery, and Virtual Reality in Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: Qualitative Participatory Design Study.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2025Article
- Brain-Computer Interfaces for Stroke Motor Rehabilitation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sense of ownership is linked to the speed of visuomotor adaptation in virtual reality but not to generalization, intermanual transfer, or aftereffects.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of an upper limb motion-driven virtual rehabilitation system on residual motor function in patients with complete spinal cord injury： a pilot study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Vivid illusions and realtime feedback in VR-improved motor imagery and motivation of stroke patients with impaired motor imagery.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- A Survey on the Design of Virtual Reality Interaction Interfaces.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Continual Learning of a Transformer-Based Deep Learning Classifier Using an Initial Model from Action Observation EEG Data to Online Motor Imagery Classification.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Brain-Computer Interfaces for Upper Limb Motor Recovery after Stroke: Current Status and Development Prospects (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2023Review
- Analyzing and computing humans by means of the brain using Brain-Computer Interfaces - understanding the user - previous evidence, self-relevance and the user's self-concept as potential superordinate human factors of relevance.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Review
- Implementing Performance Accommodation Mechanisms in Online BCI for Stroke Rehabilitation: A Study on Perceived Control and Frustration.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Motor imagery-based brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCI) have been proposed as a means for stroke rehabilitation, which combined with virtual reality allows for introducing game-based interactions into rehabilitation. However, the control of the MI-BCI may be difficult to obtain and users may face poor performance which frustrates them and potentially affects their motivation to use the technology. Decreases in motivation could be reduced by increasing the users' sense of agency over the system. The aim of this study was to understand whether embodiment (ownership) of a hand depicted in virtual reality can enhance the sense of agency to reduce frustration in an MI-BCI task. Twenty-two healthy participants participated in a within-subject study where their sense of agency was compared in two different embodiment experiences: 1) avatar hand (with body), or 2) abstract blocks. Both representations closed with a similar motion for spatial congruency and popped a balloon as a result. The hand/blocks were controlled through an online MI-BCI. Each condition consisted of 30 trials of MI-activation of the avatar hand/blocks. After each condition a questionnaire probed the participants' sense of agency, ownership, and frustration. Afterwards, a semi-structured interview was performed where the participants elaborated on their ratings. Both conditions supported similar levels of MI-BCI performance. A significant correlation between ownership and agency was observed (
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