ReviewInternational journal of biological sciences2022
Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy.
Review in International journal of biological sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, including the impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the context of the development and general clinical characteristics of the disease.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Pooled it
- Enpatoran in COVID-19 pneumonia: Safety and efficacy results from a phase II randomized trial.Clinical and translational science · 2023Trial
- Comparative innate immune responses across major RNA and DNA viral infections: Mechanisms, immunopathology, and therapeutic perspectives.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Long-term impact of COVID-19 on haemophilia: a multicenter study in Southwest China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Coronary thrombosis without underlying atherosclerotic plaque in patients with Omicron variant of coronavirus disease 2019: a case series.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Protective Effects of Gallic Acid in LPS-Induced Lung Injury via Modulation of Oxidative Stress: AKT1/NRF2 and IL-10 Signaling.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Cytokine storm syndrome causing retinal inflammatory factor storm.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association Between Admission Diastolic Blood Pressure and Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Severe/Critical COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Multiscale bone remodeling in COVID-19: from osteoimmune signaling to structural and mechanical impairment.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Role of immune-inflammatory biomarkers and their derived ratio in predicting COVID-19 severity and mortality.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Outcomes of Influenza and COVID-19 Admissions Among Children With Asthma: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study Using the US National Readmissions Database.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Article
- Inhibition of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling enhances the antiviral effects of resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles against enterovirus 71 in hand, foot, and mouth disease.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- Balancing Host Defense and Viral Tolerance for the Development of Next-Generation Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A feedback loop between DNA damage, genomic instability, and cytoplasmic DNA sensing contributes to cytokine production in COVID-19.Archives of virology · 2025Review
- Hematologic and Immunologic Overlap Between COVID-19 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- miR-27a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-1246 and miR-4508: a candidate microRNA signature in the protection and regulation of viral infection in mild COVID-19.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Cognitive Sequelae of COVID-19: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Approaches.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Association Between Altered Microbiota Composition and Immune System-Related Genes in COVID-19 Infection.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Article
- Elevated LIF and JAK-STAT activation drive severe COVID-19 in myeloma patients receiving the BCMA-CD3 bispecific antibody Elranatamab.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak is emerging as a significant public health challenge. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, also known as cytokine storm, is a severe clinical syndrome known to develop as a complication of infectious or inflammatory diseases. Clinical evidence suggests that the occurrence of cytokine storm in severe acute respiratory syndrome secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is closely associated with the rapid deterioration and high mortality of severe cases. In this review, we aim to summarize the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent immunological events related to excessive cytokine production and inflammatory responses associated with ACE2-AngII signaling. An overview of the diagnosis and an update on current therapeutic regimens and vaccinations is also provided.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.