ReviewJournal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection2022
Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC): aggressive and prolonged therapy with multiple immunosuppressive agents is needed to halt the progression of active disease. An offbeat review and a case series.
Review in Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- From white dot syndromes to primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs): updating and expanding the spectrum through multimodal imaging.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2026Review
- Inadequacies in uveitis: misnomers, incongruencies, persistence of obsolete terminologies & inappropriate guidelines, treatment inadequacies, and misinterpretations.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2025Review
- Choroidal vasculitis as a biomarker of inflammation of the choroid. Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA) spearheading for diagnosis and follow-up, an imaging tutorial.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2024Review
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) in Uveitis: A Literature Review and a Reassessment of Its Real Role.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Benefits and Limitations of OCT-A in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Posterior Intraocular Inflammation in Current Clinical Practice: A Valuable Tool or a Deceiver?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Differentiation of Inflammatory Diseases of the Outer Retina: Photoreceptoritis versus Choriocapillaritis; A Multimodal Imaging Perspective.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE): A Comprehensive Approach and Case Series: Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy Is Necessary in a Large Proportion of Cases.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Current Immunomodulatory/Immunosuppressive Therapy of Non-Infectious and/or Immune-Mediated Choroiditis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Inflammatory Choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs): A Comprehensive Overview.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS): update on practical appraisal, diagnosis and clinicopathology; a review and an alternative comprehensive perspective.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Review
- Indocyanine green angiography in uveitis.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyReview
- Adalimumab Monotherapy in the Treatment of Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis: A Case Report.Case reports in ophthalmologyArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeIdiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) is part of the group of choriocapillaritis entities. The clinical definition of the disease has evolved with time. The aim of this article was to undertake a review on MFC, on its present-day appraisal and nomenclature and we also report a series of patients with emphasis on the clinical presentation and the importance of vigorous immunosuppressive management.
methodsA review of the literature and a retrospective case series study which was performed in the Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised care (COS), Lausanne, Switzerland. Patients diagnosed from 1994 to 2020 with idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) treated with multiple immunosuppressants were included. Exclusion criteria were insufficient follow up and cases not treated with vigorous immunosuppressive therapy. Imaging analysis included spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) / enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT), OCT angiography (OCT-A). Fluorescein and Indocyanine angiography (FA, ICGA) before and after the instauration of treatment. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), routine ocular examination, laser flare photometry (LFP) were performed at presentation and follow-up. Immunosuppression comprised at minimum two among the following agents: prednisone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid or infliximab. Mean duration of therapy was calculated.
results26 (52 eyes) of 2102 new patients (1.24%) were diagnosed with MFC. 25 (96%) patients were female and 1 (4%) was male. 43/52 (82%) eyes were myopic with a mean dioptre of - 5.87 ± 2.94, six (12%) eyes were hypermetropic with mean dioptres 2.0 ± 2.68 and three (6%) were emmetropic. 14/52 (27%) eyes had at least 1 anti-VEGF injection because of choroidal neovascularisation (CNVs), 1 eye had a phototherapy laser and 37/52 (71%) had no complication of CNVs during the follow-up. 5/26 (19%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for our study. Mean age was 26.4 ± 9.3 years. Snellen best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation was 0.955+/-0.26. Mean follow up was 84+/-55 months. LFP at presentation was 6.34 ± 2.94 ph/ms. None of four patients with prolonged treatment and prolonged follow-up showed disease activity. One patient still under therapy after 4 months' follow-up still showed an active neovascular membrane.
conclusionTreatment with multiple immunosuppressive agents was shown to stop the progression of the disease.
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